Development of sustainable pathways to integrate offshore wind with emerging and existing offshore technologies and infrastructure in the UK

海上风能提供了近乎无限的可再生能源潜力，但目前只提供了全球发电量的0.3%[1]。英国拥有世界上最大的海上风电装机容量，在该领域处于领先地位，并承诺到2030年将装机容量从30GW大幅增加到40GW[2]。为了促进该部门的快速增长，必须及时和周到地利用潜在能力。传统上，进入市场的主要途径是作为一种独立的电力来源(包括固定底部的风力涡轮机)。然而，一个新兴的途径，海上风能作为主要技术(包括为石油平台提供动力的风力涡轮机)的补充能源，为将海上风能整合到迅速多样化的离岸能源领域提供了另一种机会。这一机会得到了石油和天然气管理局的认可，他们寻求通过与皇家地产和皇家地产苏格兰公司的合作来协调海上能源行业。为此，上述当局绘制了一张新的北海互动地图，将近海风能位置与海浪和潮汐以及碳捕获和封存(CCS)和石油许可证[3]统一起来。与石油和天然气行业不断发展的协同效应和透明度将有助于在利用现有近海基础设施时出现新的近海风能技术，同时可能会推迟退役(通过重新调整平台、管道和港口的用途)。由于全球石油和天然气平台消耗了5%的井口产量，每年产生2亿吨二氧化碳，排放量也可能减少[4]。海上风能与其他技术/部门的合作并不局限于石油和天然气。与绿色氢气和CCS相结合，海上风能可以通过提供清洁燃料来源来减少供暖、运输和工业等历史上具有挑战性的行业的排放[5，6]。潜在协同效应的成功将取决于这些项目的社会技术可行性。作为衡量手段，联合国气候变化框架关于社会经济和环境可行性、技术准备情况和对估计的信心的支柱提供了一种全面的报告方法[7]。鉴于潜在协同效应的当代性，技术可行性评估至关重要。通过将海上风能分解，可以设定明确的依赖技术的目标，以确保现有和管道项目取得切实进展。这是通过以下方式实现的：(1)严格分析部署障碍，按联合国能源框架框架分类，并提出缓解解决方案；(2)量化海上风能技术合作(即石油和天然气、CCS和绿色氢气)的潜在装机容量/影响；以及(3)根据不同的技术部署路径，预测英国海上风能的增长。通过行业参与，这项研究的预期结论是一系列预测，其中包含了经过深思熟虑的部署战略的混合。这对有限的现有文献的贡献迷惑了政策制定者、公司和金融家，他们在英国和世界各地都有部署战略。随着丰富的自然资源、快速降低的能源成本和先行者的优势，如果建立明确的部署路径，海上风能将在未来十年成为英国能源组合中的重要组成部分。

Offshore wind provides a near limitless potential of renewable energy yet currentlysupplies only 0.3% global power generation [1]. With the largest installed capacity ofoffshore wind in the world, the United Kingdom leads the sector and have committedto the significant increase of installed capacity from 30GW to 40GW by 2030 [2]. Tofacilitate this rapid acceleration of growth within the sector it is essential that thepotential capacity is harnessed in a timely and considerate manner. Traditionally, theprimary route to market is as an independent source of electricity (inc. fixed bottomwind turbines). However, an emerging route, offshore wind as supplementary energysource to a primary technology (inc. wind turbines powering oil platforms) offers analternative opportunity for the integration of offshore wind into the rapidly diversifyingoffshore energy sector.This opportunity is recognised by Oil and Gas Authority who seek to harmonise theoffshore energy sector through cooperation with Crown Estate and Crown EstateScotland. To this aim, the aforementioned authorities have developed a newinteractive map of the North Sea unifying offshore wind locations with wave and tidalsites as well as carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and Petroleum licenses [3].Growing synergies and transparency with the oil and gas sector will aid emergingoffshore wind technologies when leveraging existing offshore infrastructure whilstpotentially delaying decommissioning (through the repurposing of platforms,pipelines and ports). As 5% of well-head production is consumed by oil and gasplatforms globally, producing 200 million tonnes of CO2 annually, emissions mayalso be reduced [4]. The collaboration of offshore wind with othertechnologies/sectors is not limited to oil and gas. In conjunction with green hydrogenand CCS, offshore wind can be used to abate the emissions of historicallychallenging sectors such as heating, transport and industry by providing a clean fuelsource [5,6]. The success of potential synergies would hinge on the socio-technicalfeasibility of the projects. As means of measurement, the UNFC pillars of socioeconomic and environmental viability; technical readiness; and confidence inestimates offer a comprehensive reporting method [7]. Given the contemporarynature of potential synergies, assessment of the technical feasibility is paramount.By decompartmentalising offshore wind, explicit technology dependant targets canbe set ensuring tangible progress of current and pipeline projects. This is achievedby: (1) critically analysing barriers of deployment, categorised as per the UNFCpillars, and mitigating solutions, (2) quantifying the potential installed capacity/impactof offshore wind technological collaborations (namely oil and gas, CCS and greenhydrogen), and (3) projecting the growth of offshore wind in the UK as per differingtechnological deployment pathways. Through industry engagement, the anticipatedconclusion of this research is a series of projections incorporating a considerateblend of deployment strategies. This contribution to the limited existing literature willaid policy makers, companies and financiers with deployment strategies both in theUnited Kingdom and worldwide. With an abundance of natural resources, rapidlydecreasing levelized costs of energy, and early mover advantage, offshore wind willbe a vital component in the UK's energy mix in the coming decade provided clear,defined pathways to deployment are established.