'My Lady is Building you a House': The Role of Women as Architectural Patrons and Designers in Scotland, c. 1660 to 1720

我的论文将探讨苏格兰精英女性在1660年至1720年期间作为建筑赞助人和设计师所扮演的角色，这段时期是在斯图亚特君主制复辟之后直到与英格兰联合的最初几十年。它将辩称，精英女性是积极和固执己见的赞助人，广泛参与建筑的设计、调试和建造，包括乡村别墅、城市房产和教堂，有时是代表缺席的男性亲戚或配偶，但通常是作为家庭合法的家长。我将探索苏格兰精英女性中广泛的建筑赞助文化运动，并研究这种赞助如何为女性提供机会，在17世纪苏格兰社会的范围内表达她们的权威和代理。我要断言，复辟后苏格兰的社会、经济和政治不稳定，为精英女性创造了参与建筑设计和赞助的机会，其程度远远超过之前承认的程度。我将通过仔细研究女性委托建造的建筑类型、女性形成委托和建造的方式、她们建造的动机，以及阶级、头衔、年龄和婚姻状况对她们作为赞助人和设计师的角色的影响，来确立光复后苏格兰精英女性赞助人的深远影响。我的研究将统一关于女性建筑赞助的不同研究思路，并探索像布克卢赫公爵夫人(1651-1732)、汉密尔顿公爵夫人(1631-1716)和劳德代尔公爵夫人(1626-198年)以及布鲁斯女士(D.1699)、奈恩(1669-1747)和潘穆尔(1668-1731)等人的赞助是如何与苏格兰、英格兰和欧洲大陆这一时期精英女性赞助的更广泛趋势保持一致和背离的。我将确定这一时期苏格兰女性建筑赞助的更广泛趋势，并探索社会和家庭网络对传播知识和建立品味的重要性。通过一起考察这些女性的投入和成就，我们将开始看到这样的趋势，这些趋势将提高我们对17世纪苏格兰建筑设计和建造的理解，以及更广泛地说，在这一时期精英女性的实用和审美教育和兴趣方面。我将通过比较的视角来看待我的主要案例研究，考虑到我们对英国和其他欧洲国家(如法国、意大利和荷兰)精英女性建筑赞助人的了解。这项研究还为进一步探索非精英女性在建筑委员会和相关行业中的角色创造了机会。

My thesis will explore the roles of elite Scottish women as architectural patrons and designers during the period c. 1660 to 1720, after the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy until the early decades of the Union with England. It will argue that elite women were active and opinionated patrons and were widely involved with the design, commissioning and construction of buildings, including country houses, urban properties and churches, sometimes on behalf of an absentee male relative or spouse but often as the head of their family suo jure. I will explore the broad cultural movement of architectural patronage among elite Scottish women and examine how this patronage provided opportunities for women to express their authority and agency within the confines of 17th-century Scottish society. I will assert that the social, economic and political instability of post-Restoration Scotland created opportunities for elite women to engage with architectural design and patronage to a far greater extent than previously acknowledged. I will establish the profound influence of elite female patrons in post-Restoration Scotland by scrutinising the types of building women commissioned, the ways women shaped commissions and construction, their motivations for building, and the impact of class, titles, age, and marital status on the roles they assumed as patrons and designers. My research will unite disparate strands of study on women's architectural patronage and explore how the patronage of individuals like the Duchesses of Buccleuch (1651-1732), Hamilton (1631-1716) and Lauderdale (1626-98) and Ladies Bruce (d.1699), Nairne (1669-1747) and Panmure (1668-1731) align with and diverge from wider trends of elite female patronage in Scotland, England and continental Europe in this period. I will identify broader trends in Scottish women's architectural patronage in this period and explore the importance of social and familial networks for the dissemination of knowledge and establishment of taste. By examining the input and achievement of these women together we will begin to see trends that will improve our understanding both of the design and commission of buildings in 17th-century Scotland and more broadly in the practical and aesthetic education and interests of elite women in this period. I will view my main cases studies through a comparative lens, taking into account what we know about elite female architectural patronage in England and other European countries, such as France, Italy and the Netherlands. This research also creates opportunities for further exploration of non-elite women's roles in architectural commissions and associated trades.