Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnant Women

描述(由申请人提供)：亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)在美国是一个主要的公共卫生问题，已被证明在怀孕期间非常普遍，特别是对社会经济地位较低的夫妇。IPV对孕妇来说是一个特别严重的问题，因为它会使母亲和未出生的孩子面临严重的身体伤害，包括死亡。这项申请建议从横向和纵向两个角度调查怀孕期间IPV的潜在危险因素，如饮酒、压力、不忠、嫉妒和关系不和谐。这项研究的总体理论框架是基于伦纳德关于物质使用和亲密伴侣暴力的概念模型。这一理论提出，在总体负面背景下(如社会经济地位低下或怀孕困难)的近端(如醉酒等即刻情境问题)和远端(持续的、普遍存在的问题，如关系不满意)因素将引发关系暴力。在这项拟议的研究中，有人认为，与怀孕相关的压力源与外部压力源(如较低的社会经济地位)相结合，会造成脆弱的环境，在酒精存在的情况下，夫妇容易受到身体攻击。此外，由巴斯和邓特利的进化凶杀论和哈里斯的社会认知理论所讨论的进化论被用来解释孕妇可能面临的暴力的特殊风险。这一理论表明，对孕妇的暴力行为要么是犯罪者与生俱来想要保护其生殖地位的症状，要么是对未出生的孩子的关系嫉妒的产物，在这种情况下，男性伴侣感到他在浪漫关系中的安全受到了从二元体到三元体的转变的威胁。虽然伦纳德的概念模型在普通夫妇和施暴者群体中得到了支持，但这两个模型都没有在预期的个体中进行测试。据我们所知，这是第一次明确研究可能使孕妇面临亲密伴侣暴力风险增加的因素的调查。在这个样本中，前往公共卫生诊所系统的几个站点中的任何一个的孕妇(n=200)将被邀请参加，以调查1)酒精使用、压力、不忠、嫉妒和关系不满在多大程度上预测亲密伴侣暴力，以及2)评估酒精使用对嫉妒和亲密伴侣暴力以及压力和亲密伴侣暴力之间关系的潜在缓和作用。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern in the United States and has been shown to be highly prevalent during pregnancy, particularly for couples of low socioeconomic status. IPV poses an especially serious problem for pregnant women as it puts both mother and unborn child at risk for severe physical harm, including death. This application proposes an investigation of potential risk factors for IPV in pregnancy, such as alcohol use, stress, infidelity, jealousy, and relationship discord, from both a crosssectional and longitudinal perspective. The overarching theoretical frameork for this study is based on Leonard's conceptual model of substance use and intimate partner violence. This theory proposes that proximal (immediate situational issues such as intoxication) and distal (ongoing, pervasive problems such as relationship dissatisfaction) factors in an overall negative context (such as low socioeconomic status or difficult pregnancy) will precipitate relationship violence. In the proposed study, it is argued that stressors associated with pregnancy in combination with external stressors such as low socioeconomic status creates tenuous circumstances that in the presence of alcohol predispose couples to physical aggression. Additionally, evolutionary theory as discussed by Buss & Duntley's evolved homicide theory and Harris' social-cognitive theory is used to explain the particular risks to violence that pregnant women may face. This theory suggests that the 'violence perpetrated against expectant women is either a) a symptom of the perpetrator's innate desire to protect his reproductive status or b) a product of relational jealousy of the unborn child in which the male partner feels his security in the romantic relationship is threatened by the transition from dyad to triad. While Leonard's conceptual model has been supported in common couples and batterer populations, neither model has been tested in expectant individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation explicitly examining factors that may put pregnant women at increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence. Expectant women (n=200) attending any one of several sites of a public health clinic system will be invited to participate in order to investigate 1) the extent to which alcohol use, stress, infidelity, jealousy, and relationship dissatisfaction predict intimate partner violence in this sample, and 2) to evaluate the potential moderating effects of alcohol use on the relationships between jealousy and intimate partner violence and stress and intimate partner violence.