PILOT--ADHD IN CHILDREN OF MOTHERS WHO SMOKED

飞行员——吸烟母亲的孩子患多动症

• 批准号: 6967845
• 负责人: Valerie S Knopik
• 金额: $ 6.07万
• 依托单位: WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2004
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2004-06-01 至 2005-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/6967845
• 关键词: alcoholism /alcohol abuse; attention deficit disorder; behavioral /social science research tag; child psychology; clinical research; driving while intoxicated; early experience; embryo /fetus toxicology; family genetics; gene environment interaction; genetic susceptibility; health behavior; human subject; interview; maternal behavior; mental health epidemiology; nicotine; paternal behavior; psychopathology; siblings; smoking

In addition to the evidence for substantial genetic effects on ADHD, there is increasing evidence for the roles of parental alcoholism and maternal drinking and smoking during pregnancy in the risk of offspring ADHD. Previous studies have associated prenatal exposure to both alcohol and nicotine with increased risk of ADHD in children. Preliminary analyses also suggested (i) significant associations between parental alcoholism and ADHD, as well as between maternal smoking during pregnancy and parental alcoholism, and (ii) evidence for a genetic correlation between parental alcoholism and offspring ADHD. Given these results, in addition to genetic transmission, increased rates of maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with parental alcoholism may be an important factor contributing to the association between parental alcoholism and ADHD. Taken together, evidence suggests that both genetic and environmental risk factors for ADHD are at work in the children of alcoholics, raising the possibility that these risk factors may interact with on e another. Using an innovative within-mother comparison approach, this pilot study will assess relative effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on ADHD in 200 'high genetic risk' children (100 sibling pairs with alcoholic fathers) and 200 'low genetic risk' children (100 sibling pairs with no history of paternal alcoholism). The novel within-mother approach focuses on mothers who have smoked during one pregnancy but not during all pregnancies, allowing the comparison of outcomes between sibling pairs, one of which has been exposed to nicotine prenatally and the other who has not, while controlling for pertinent environmental variables (e.g., SES, parental education, etc.). Thus, the samples are chosen for environmental risk for ADHD from the maternal side (maternal smoking during pregnancy) and genetic risk for ADHD from the paternal side (those with history of DWI/alcohol problems). The sample will focus on mothers who gave birth to children between 1992-1996 (children aged 7-11). A total of 4,835 mothers who are discordant for smoking during their pregnancies have been identified from Missouri birth records. Of these, 608 have a partner (listed as the father on the child's birth record) who has been given a DWI. A total of 400 mothers will be screened for eligibility (i.e., accuracy of birth records). Those eligible to participate (200 projected) will be interviewed via telephone regarding children's ADHD, detailed smoking during pregnancy, history of smoking and nicotine dependence, history of alcohol problems and alcohol dependence, and limited parental psychopathology (i.e., screen for ADHD, screen for CD).

除了证据表明遗传对多动症有重大影响外，越来越多的证据表明父母酗酒以及母亲怀孕期间饮酒和吸烟对后代多动症的风险也有影响。先前的研究表明，产前接触酒精和尼古丁会增加儿童患多动症的风险。初步分析还表明（i）父母酗酒与多动症之间以及母亲怀孕期间吸烟与父母酗酒之间存在显着关联，以及（ii）父母酗酒与后代多动症之间存在遗传相关性的证据。鉴于这些结果，除了遗传传播之外，与父母酗酒相关的母亲怀孕期间吸烟率的增加可能是导致父母酗酒与多动症之间关联的一个重要因素。总而言之，有证据表明，ADHD 的遗传和环境风险因素都对酗酒者的孩子起作用，这增加了这些风险因素可能相互作用的可能性。这项试点研究采用创新的母亲内部比较方法，将评估母亲在怀孕期间吸烟对 200 名“高遗传风险”儿童（100 对有酗酒父亲的兄弟姐妹）和 200 名“低遗传风险”儿童（100 对没有父亲酗酒史的兄弟姐妹）的 ADHD 的相对影响。这种新颖的母亲内部方法侧重于在一次怀孕期间吸烟但不是在所有怀孕期间吸烟的母亲，允许比较兄弟姐妹之间的结果，其中一对在产前接触过尼古丁，另一对没有接触过尼古丁，同时控制相关的环境变量（例如社会经济地位、父母教育等）。因此，选择样本是为了考虑来自母方（母亲在怀孕期间吸烟）的 ADHD 环境风险和来自父方（有 DWI/酒精问题史的人）的 ADHD 遗传风险。样本将重点关注 1992 年至 1996 年间生育过孩子（7 至 11 岁的孩子）的母亲。密苏里州出生记录中共有 4,835 名母亲在怀孕期间吸烟情况不一致。其中，608 人的伴侣（在孩子的出生记录上列为父亲）接受了酒后驾车 (DWI)。总共 400 名母亲将接受资格筛查（即出生记录的准确性）。符合资格的参与者（预计 200 名）将通过电话接受采访，内容涉及儿童多动症、怀孕期间详细吸烟情况、吸烟史和尼古丁依赖、酒精问题和酒精依赖史以及有限的父母精神病理学（即多动症筛查、CD 筛查）。