Optimising the design and material interface of cervical collars used in emergency and rehabilitation settings.

头部或颈部遭受严重创伤的患者通常使用颈托（C形颈托）固定，直到检查出潜在的骨折或韧带损伤。C型颈圈也用于非急性环境中，通过在肌肉骨骼康复期间为头部和颈部提供生物力学支持来管理颈部损伤。为了限制移动性，项圈通过捆扎和高度调节牢固地固定到颈部，从而在皮肤-设备界面处产生通常与剪切力相关的增加的压力点。这些压力和剪切力可导致皮肤破裂和压疮（PU）发展的高风险，也称为压力损伤。与C形领特别相关的常见皮肤破裂部位包括枕骨、下颌骨、耳朵、下巴、喉结、肩部和胸骨。据报告，衣领相关组织破裂的患病率值范围为7%-38%，当佩戴超过5天时，记录高达55%。这种因佩戴项圈而受伤的风险归因于包含刚性聚合物材料的通用设计。这也是由于对器械应用张力的指导有限。

Individuals who have experienced a serious trauma to the head or neck are routinely immobilized with a cervical collar (C-collar) until potential fractures or ligamentous injury are examined. C-collars are also used in the nonacute setting to manage cervical injury by providing biomechanical support to the head and neck during musculoskeletal rehabilitation. In order to limit mobility, collars are fixed securely to the neck via strapping and height adjustment, creating points of increased pressure often associated with shear forces at the skin-device interface. These pressure and shear forces can cause a high risk of skin breakdown and the development of pressure ulcers (PUs), also termed pressure injury. Common sites of skin breakdown specifically associated with C-collars include the occiput, mandible, ears, chin, laryngeal prominence, shoulders, and sternum. Prevalence values for collar-related tissue breakdown have been reported to range from 7%-38% and documented to be as high as 55% when worn for greater than 5 days. This risk of injury from wearing the collar is down to the generic designs incorporating stiff polymer materials. It is also due to the limited guidance on the application tension of the device.