A Life Worth Living? Nietzsche on Transience and Nihilism

这个项目关注的是时间的短暂性和虚无主义之间的关系。社会学家哈特穆特·罗莎（Hartmut Rosa）认为，在资本主义制度下，生活的加速使我们认为现实越来越短暂：没有什么能持续足够长的时间来与之产生有意义的联系，我们感到疏远和沮丧。早在150年前，弗里德里希·尼采（Friedrich Nietzsche）就得出结论，短暂的经历将西方引向虚无主义：一种存在主义立场，认为生活没有目的，毫无意义。由于尼采的诊断很有影响力，我通过对他思想的现象学解读来探讨短暂性的问题。虽然大多数评论家将虚无主义理解为价值的丧失，但我认为，它与时间的关系更好理解，虚无主义可以通过体验不同的短暂来抵制。我试图概述和分析尼采提出的一种新的存在主义立场，关注当下的不及时性和矛盾的延伸。我的方法不同于Espen Hammer(2011)，他认为尼采未能为短暂性问题提供解决方案，因为他要求我们否认过去。我的不同之处在于，尼采提出了一种与过去相关的新方式，而不是想要否定它。约翰·麦坎伯（John McCumber, 2011）声称，尼采没有为我们提供应对上帝死后未来的激进开放的手段。然而，急诊室和不合时宜的概念可能勾勒出一种存在主义立场，即有意义地限制未来的开放性。这个项目将为过去、未来和现在如何结合在一起成为一个有意义的整体提供一个新的视角。尼采提供了一种与时间相关的方式，它为一个人提供了一种学习如何恰当地体验当下的解释学视角，从这种视角出发，他们的生活作为一个整体（以及时间的流逝）可以变得有意义。本研究将以现象学的方法为基础，与尼采一起寻求理解一个经历时间虚无主义的人如何理解自我和世界。以虚无主义的方式体验短暂是什么感觉？这种体验的结构是什么（如果有的话）？因此，查拉图斯特拉说(Z)是一个关键的文本，处理问题的短暂，痛苦，虚无主义和时间。对《道德谱系》（Genealogy of Morals， GM）的注释性解读可以进一步揭示我们如何通过价值观来体验和联系时间。而《快乐的科学》（The Gay Science， GS）则描述了上帝之死的经历、永恒的轮回和“不合时宜”的存在主义立场。在适当的情况下，我可能会进一步借鉴其他著作，如《不合时宜的沉思》（UM），尼采在其中讨论了我们与历史的关系，以及他在《权力意志》（WP）中对虚无主义的描述。作为一个以德语为母语的人，我能够阅读尼采的原文，也能接触到大量关于尼采作品的德语二手文献。2021 - 2022：第一章：短暂与虚无主义的关系。古代和基督教对时间、短暂和永恒的理解。上帝之死，时间观念的改变和虚无主义。尼采的短暂现象学与虚无主义。2022 - 2023：第二章：ER与时间的新关系。ER与时间的标准理解的关系。认为ER是一种通过与过去和未来的不同联系来确定持续时间的方式。尼采当下现象学及其与持续时间的矛盾关系。2023 - 2024：第三章：人如何变得不合时宜？考察非时效性与历史的关系——非时效性是历史的不连续性。时间性是一种通过建立结尾、过渡和部分来组织时间的方式。适时的生与死。

This project focuses on the relation between the experience of time as transience and nihilism. The sociologist Hartmut Rosa argues that the acceleration of life under capitalism leads us to perceive reality as increasingly transient: nothing lasts long enough to meaningfully connect with, we feel alienated and depressed. Already 150 years ago, Friedrich Nietzsche had concluded that the experience of transience led the West to nihilism: an existential stance for which life has no purpose and is meaningless. As Nietzsche's diagnosis is influential, I approach the issue of transience through a phenomenological reading of his thought. While most commentators understand nihilism in terms of a loss of value, I argue that it is better understood in relation to time and that nihilism can be resisted by experiencing transience differently. I seek to outline and analyse a new existential stance proposed by Nietzsche,focusing on the untimeliness and the paradoxical extension of the moment.My approach differs from Espen Hammer (2011) who argues that Nietzsche fails to provide a solution to the issue of transience because he asks us to deny the past. I differ by arguing that Nietzsche proposes anew way of relating to the past rather than wanting its denial. John McCumber's claims (2011) that Nietzsche falls short of providing us with means to respond to the radical openness of the future after God's death. Yet, the ER and the notion of the untimely may outline an existential stance for constraining meaningfully the openness of the future. This project would then contribute a new perspective on how past, future and present could be bound together into a meaningful totality that is the moment.Nietzsche offers a way of relating to time which affords a person who learns to experience the moment appropriately a hermeneutic perspective from which their life as a whole (and the passing of time) can be made meaningful.MethodThis research will be informed by a phenomenological approach, seeking with Nietzsche to understand how a person who experiences time nihilistically understands self and world. What does it feel like to experience transience in a nihilistic way? What are the structures of such experience (if any)? Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Z) is a key text, dealing with issues of transience, suffering, nihilism and time. An exegetical reading of Genealogy of Morals (GM) could reveal further insights into how we experience and relate to time through values. And The Gay Science (GS) offers descriptions of the experience of the death of God,the eternal recurrence and the existential stance of the 'untimely'. Where appropriate I may further draw on other writings such as Untimely Meditations (UM) where Nietzsche discusses our relation to history and his description of nihilism in The Will to Power (WP). Being a German native speaker, I am able to read Nietzsche in the original text and to also access the extensive German secondary literature on his work.ScheduleOct. 2021 - 2022:Chapter I: The relation between transience and nihilism.Ancient and Christian understandings of time, transience and eternity.The death of God, changes in temporal perception and nihilism.Nietzsche's phenomenology of transience and nihilism.Oct. 2022 - 2023:Chapter 2: The ER as a new relation to time.The ER in relation to standard understandings of time.Thinking ER as a way of establishing duration by relating differently to past and future.Nietzsche's phenomenology of the moment and its paradoxical relation to duration.Oct. 2023 - 2024:Chapter 3: How does one become untimely?Examining the relation between untimeliness and history - untimeliness as the discontinuity of history.Untimeliness as a way of structuring time by establishing endings, transitions, and section.The timeliness of living and dying at the right time.