The bordering of British homeownership - race and property in the nation of homeowners

英国正深陷一场住房危机，这在某种程度上已经成为一个老生常谈的问题，特别是影响到年轻群体(租房一代)的住房拥有前景。但如果我们按种族来看保有权的趋势，很明显，住房拥有率的下降并不是种族中立的。我自己对1991年人口普查和2017-19年年度人口调查的比较显示，近几十年来，白人住房拥有率保持相对稳定，而印度和巴基斯坦的住房拥有率下降了约15个百分点。所有少数族裔的住房拥有率现在都低于白人家庭，与20世纪90年代初印度、巴基斯坦和非洲亚裔社区的住房拥有率超过白人家庭的情况相比，这是一个重大转变。关键的是，这种转变是在英国人的身份重新定位之后发生的，围绕着房主的形象。英国和盎格鲁圈的其他国家一样，倾向于理解自己，并被理解为典型的“房主社会”或“房主之国”(Arundel and Ronald，2021)。这些概念起源于两次世界大战之间(Francis，2012)，但在20世纪后半叶，在住房拥有率上升和新自由主义到来的支撑下，在英国政治文化和自我认同中占据了更有影响力或更主流的地位(Arundel和Ronald，2021)。有一种感觉是，房主社会的概念只是描述或声称描述英国的土地保有权分配。然而，在更根本的层面上，它代表或影响了英国身份的所有人编码，在英国人的建构中突出了一种所有人的民族精神。英国住房拥有率下降的种族动因是什么？这与20世纪下半叶英国身份的所有欲编码有何关系？

It has become somewhat of a truism that Britain is in the grips of a housing crisis, affecting the homeownership prospects of younger cohorts ('Generation Rent') in particular. But if we look at trends in tenure by ethnicity, it is apparent that homeownership decline has not been race neutral. My own comparison of the 1991 Census and the 2017-19 Annual Population Survey reveals that white homeownership has remained relatively stable in recent decades, while rates of Indian and Pakistani homeownership have fallen by around 15 percentage points. All rates of minority homeownership are now lower than the white rate, a significant shift from the position in the early 1990s when homeownership levels within the Indian, Pakistani and African Asian communities exceeded those of white households. Critically, this shift has occurred in the wake of the reorientation of British identity around the figure of the homeowner. Britain, along with the rest of the Anglosphere, tends to understand itself and be understood as a quintessential 'homeowner society' or 'nation of homeowners' (Arundel and Ronald, 2021). These concepts have their roots in the interwar period (Francis, 2012), but assumed a more influential or mainstream position within British political culture and self-identity in the latter half of the twentieth century, buttressed by rising rates of homeownership and the advent of neo-liberalism (Arundel and Ronald, 2021). There is a sense in which the concept of a homeowner society merely describes, or purports to describe, the British tenure distribution. However, on a more fundamental level, it represents or effects the possessive coding of British identity, the foregrounding of a possessive ethos in the construction of Britishness. What are the racial dynamics of British homeownership decline? And how does this relate to the possessive coding of British identity in the latter half of the twentieth century?