Understanding the drivers of safety at major sporting events

参赛者认为安全是参加体育赛事的关键决定因素(Silveira等人，2018年)。了解与参赛者的安全感相关的因素，对于制定政策和干预措施以提高人们对体育赛事的安全感和实际安全性至关重要。社会心理学的研究强调，参赛者在体育赛事中的安全感可能与参赛者在多大程度上感到自己是一个群体的一部分有关。事实上，与其他参与者一起参加小组的感受与一系列大众活动背景下的安全感有关，这些活动包括音乐节(Novelli等人，2013；Drury等人，2017)、宗教群众集会(Alnumsi&Drury，2014；Hopkins&Reicher，2019)和抗议(Stott等人，2018)。同样，Cruwys等人也是如此。(2020)的实验证明，与非组成员相比，组内成员构成的风险较低。研究表明，除了感觉自己是团体的一部分外，群众活动的参与者还希望其他团体成员提供支持，以确保他们的安全(例如，Drury等人，2016)。这些群体过程也与新冠肺炎期间飞行员体育赛事的安全性感知有关(例如，Smith&Templeton，2022年；Templeton等人，2020年)。社会心理学以前的文献和最近对体育赛事的研究相结合，表明群体过程可以帮助我们理解参赛者如何以及为什么在体育赛事中感知安全，并确定提高安全性的途径。然而，这仅限于新冠肺炎的背景下，这项研究也忽略了来自活动组织的研究结果，这些发现表明人口统计变量可能会影响活动体验。因此，这项研究旨在通过解决两个核心研究问题来了解我们如何才能让英国的体育赛事更安全：1)参赛者之间的群体过程如何影响足球赛事的安全感？2)人口统计学差异如何影响人们的安全感和群体关系？这些问题将分三个阶段讨论：第一阶段：系统审查将进行系统审查，以评估迄今为止关于体育赛事安全的文献，以及如何考虑人口统计变量和/或将其纳入赛事管理。这将提供论文所需的核心知识，并确定了解足球赛事感知安全的知识差距和研究途径。这篇综述将在PROSPERO上预先注册，包括目标、假设、关键搜索词、纳入和排除标准、数据库和分析战略。预注册也将上载到开放科学框架。第二阶段：将与男足和女足的参与者进行在线半结构化访谈(N=15)，从人群成员的角度探讨安全问题。这还将包括确定在感知安全方面的人口统计学差异，面试日程将通过系统审查和与关键利益攸关方的讨论来确定。这项研究将在开放科学框架上预先注册。将对文字记录进行分析，以确定影响与会者感知安全的关键主题，重点是人口统计差异，并强调改善观众安全体验的潜在途径。第三阶段：从第二阶段开始，将进行一次大规模的安全感知主题调查，以制定一项大规模的相关横断面调查(N=2000)，以了解与足球赛事安全感知相关的因素和潜在的改进途径。这项调查将在开放科学框架上预先注册。结构方程模型将被用来分析哪些变量与事件的感知安全有关，变量之间的关系，以及这些变量是否在人口统计类别中有所不同。

Attendees perceived safety is a key determinant of attendance at sporting events (Silveira et al., 2018). Understanding the factors associated with attendees' perceptions of safety is essential for designing policy and interventions to improve both perceptions of and actual safety at sporting events. Research from social psychology highlights that attendees' perceptions of safety at sporting events could be linked to the extent to which attendees feel part of a group with others. Indeed, feelings part of a group with other attendees has been associated with perceived safety in a range of mass event contexts, including music festivals (Novelli et al., 2013; Drury et al., 2017), religious mass gatherings (Alnabulsi & Drury, 2014; Hopkins & Reicher, 2019), and protests (Stott et al., 2018). Similarly, Cruwys et al. (2020) experimentally demonstrated that ingroup members are perceived to pose lower risk compared to outgroup members. In addition to feeling part of a group, research has demonstrated that attendees of mass events expect other group members to provide support to keep them safe (e.g., Drury et al., 2016). These group processes have also been associated with perceptions of safety at pilot sporting events during COVID-19 (e.g., Smith & Templeton, 2022; Templeton et al., 2020). The combination of previous literature from social psychology and recent research on sporting events suggests that group processes can help us understand how and why attendees perceive safety at sporting events and identify avenues for improving safety. However, this is limited in the COVID-19 context, and the research has also neglected findings from event organisations suggesting that demographic variables may impact experiences at events. This research therefore aims to understand how we can make UK sporting events safer by addressing two core research questions: 1) How group processes between attendees impact perceived safety at football events? and 2) How demographic differences impact perceived safety and group relations? These questions will be addressed across three stages: Stage 1: Systematic review A systematic review will be conducted to evaluate the literature to date on safety at sporting events and how demographic variables are considered and/or incorporated into event management. This will provide the core knowledge needed for the thesis and identify knowledge gaps and research avenues for understanding perceived safety at football events. This review will be pre-registered on PROSPERO including the aims, hypotheses, key search terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria, databases, and the analytic strategy. The pre-registration will also be uploaded to the Open Science Framework. Stage 2: Interviews Online semi-structured interviews (N = 15) will be conducted with attendees of both men's and women's football to explore safety concerns from the perspective of crowd members. This will also include identifying demographic differences in perceived safety, where the interview schedule will be informed by the systematic review and discussions with key stakeholders. The research will be pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. The transcripts will be analysed to identify key themes impacting attendees' perceived safety with a focus on demographic differences, and to highlight potential avenues to improve spectator experiences of safety. Stage 3: Large-scale survey on perceived safety Themes of interest from Stage 2 will be used to develop a large-scale correlational cross-sectional survey (N = 2000) on the factors associated with perceived safety at football events and potential avenues for improvement. The survey will be pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. Structural equation modelling will be used to analyse which variables are associated with perceived safety at events, the relationships between the variables, and whether these differ across demographic categories.