Understanding the drivers of safety at major sporting events

参与者感知安全是体育赛事出场率的关键决定因素（Silveira等人，2018）。了解与参与者的安全观念相关的因素对于设计政策和干预措施以改善体育赛事的安全观念和实际安全至关重要。社会心理学的研究强调，参加体育赛事的人对安全的看法可能与参加比赛的人在多大程度上觉得自己是团体的一员有关。事实上，在一系列大规模事件背景下，与其他参与者一起的群体感受与感知安全有关，包括音乐节（Novelli等人，2013；Drury等人，2017）、宗教群众集会（Alnabulsi和Drury, 2014； Hopkins和Reicher， 2019）和抗议活动（Stott等人，2018）。同样，Cruwys等人（2020）通过实验证明，与外群体成员相比，内群体成员被认为构成的风险更低。除了感觉自己是群体的一部分之外，研究还表明，大规模活动的参与者希望其他群体成员提供支持以保证他们的安全（例如，德鲁里等人，2016）。这些小组流程也与2019冠状病毒病期间试点体育赛事的安全性认知有关（例如，Smith & Templeton, 2022； Templeton等人，2020）。结合先前的社会心理学文献和最近的体育赛事研究表明，群体过程可以帮助我们理解参与者如何以及为什么在体育赛事中感知安全，并确定提高安全的途径。然而，这在2019冠状病毒病的背景下是有限的，而且该研究还忽略了活动组织的发现，这些发现表明人口变量可能会影响活动的体验。因此，本研究旨在通过解决两个核心研究问题来了解我们如何使英国体育赛事更安全：1)参与者之间的群体过程如何影响足球赛事的感知安全性？2)人口统计学差异如何影响感知安全性和群体关系？这些问题将分三个阶段解决：第一阶段：系统综述将进行系统综述，以评估迄今为止关于体育赛事安全的文献，以及如何考虑和/或将人口统计学变量纳入赛事管理。这将提供论文所需的核心知识，并确定知识差距和研究途径，以了解足球赛事的感知安全。本综述将在PROSPERO上预先注册，包括目的、假设、关键搜索词、纳入和排除标准、数据库和分析策略。预注册也将被上传到开放科学框架。第二阶段：访谈将对男子和女子足球的观众进行在线半结构化访谈（N = 15），从人群成员的角度探讨安全问题。这还将包括确定感知安全性方面的人口差异，访谈时间表将通过系统审查和与主要利益相关者的讨论来确定。该研究将在开放科学框架上预先注册。将对会议记录进行分析，以确定影响与会者感知安全的关键主题，重点关注人口统计学差异，并强调改善观众安全体验的潜在途径。第三阶段：感知安全的大规模调查第二阶段感兴趣的主题将用于开展一项大规模相关横断面调查（N = 2000），研究与足球赛事感知安全相关的因素和潜在的改进途径。该调查将在开放科学框架上预先注册。结构方程模型将用于分析哪些变量与事件中的感知安全相关，变量之间的关系，以及这些变量是否在人口统计类别中有所不同。

Attendees perceived safety is a key determinant of attendance at sporting events (Silveira et al., 2018). Understanding the factors associated with attendees' perceptions of safety is essential for designing policy and interventions to improve both perceptions of and actual safety at sporting events. Research from social psychology highlights that attendees' perceptions of safety at sporting events could be linked to the extent to which attendees feel part of a group with others. Indeed, feelings part of a group with other attendees has been associated with perceived safety in a range of mass event contexts, including music festivals (Novelli et al., 2013; Drury et al., 2017), religious mass gatherings (Alnabulsi & Drury, 2014; Hopkins & Reicher, 2019), and protests (Stott et al., 2018). Similarly, Cruwys et al. (2020) experimentally demonstrated that ingroup members are perceived to pose lower risk compared to outgroup members. In addition to feeling part of a group, research has demonstrated that attendees of mass events expect other group members to provide support to keep them safe (e.g., Drury et al., 2016). These group processes have also been associated with perceptions of safety at pilot sporting events during COVID-19 (e.g., Smith & Templeton, 2022; Templeton et al., 2020). The combination of previous literature from social psychology and recent research on sporting events suggests that group processes can help us understand how and why attendees perceive safety at sporting events and identify avenues for improving safety. However, this is limited in the COVID-19 context, and the research has also neglected findings from event organisations suggesting that demographic variables may impact experiences at events. This research therefore aims to understand how we can make UK sporting events safer by addressing two core research questions: 1) How group processes between attendees impact perceived safety at football events? and 2) How demographic differences impact perceived safety and group relations? These questions will be addressed across three stages: Stage 1: Systematic review A systematic review will be conducted to evaluate the literature to date on safety at sporting events and how demographic variables are considered and/or incorporated into event management. This will provide the core knowledge needed for the thesis and identify knowledge gaps and research avenues for understanding perceived safety at football events. This review will be pre-registered on PROSPERO including the aims, hypotheses, key search terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria, databases, and the analytic strategy. The pre-registration will also be uploaded to the Open Science Framework. Stage 2: Interviews Online semi-structured interviews (N = 15) will be conducted with attendees of both men's and women's football to explore safety concerns from the perspective of crowd members. This will also include identifying demographic differences in perceived safety, where the interview schedule will be informed by the systematic review and discussions with key stakeholders. The research will be pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. The transcripts will be analysed to identify key themes impacting attendees' perceived safety with a focus on demographic differences, and to highlight potential avenues to improve spectator experiences of safety. Stage 3: Large-scale survey on perceived safety Themes of interest from Stage 2 will be used to develop a large-scale correlational cross-sectional survey (N = 2000) on the factors associated with perceived safety at football events and potential avenues for improvement. The survey will be pre-registered on the Open Science Framework. Structural equation modelling will be used to analyse which variables are associated with perceived safety at events, the relationships between the variables, and whether these differ across demographic categories.