After the Future Architecture and the Military Regime in Brazil

巴西现代主义建筑自早期发展以来就与政治相协调。从1935年在里约热内卢设立标志性的教育和公共卫生部开始，到1960年在新首都巴西利亚达到高潮，这三十年见证了巨大的技术创新，后来转化为各种规模的项目。随着经济和人口的增长，建筑、基础设施和城市的建设增加了巴西作为“未来之国”的形象。然而，“冷战”给西方资本主义带来了对共产主义威胁的恐惧。与之前的欢欣鼓舞相反，20世纪60年代，在美国的支持下，拉美国家发生了政变，导致了政治不稳定和危机。1964年至1985年间，巴西军政府利用可疑的经济增长统计数据为大规模建设和领土扩张辩护。然而，其建筑的政治用途仍然不清楚，因为后来对独裁统治的反感意味着巴西在这一时期仍然没有深入的建筑史。因此，本文分析了巴西建筑如何应对军事统治期间的政治转变，追溯了建筑、形象和建筑环境的理念，这些建筑、形象和理念要么有助于塑造国家的愿景，要么有助于实现政权的意图，要么作为抵抗的形式。在研究巴西建筑史上缺失的这一部分时，该研究试图通过建筑的视角来解释这一背景，同时调查设计与政治之间的关系。

Brazilian modernist architecture was politically attuned since its early development. Starting in 1935 with the iconic Ministry of Education and Public Health in Rio de Janeiro and reaching a crescendo in 1960 with the new capital Brasilia, these three decades witnessed huge technological innovations, later translated into projects in all possible scales. Alongside economic and population growth, the construction of buildings, infrastructures and cities added to Brazil's image as the 'Land of the Future'.However, the 'Cold War' brought fears of communist threat to western capitalism. In contrast to previous euphoria, the 1960s saw coups d'état in Latin American countries endorsed by the USA that led to political instability and crisis. Brazil's military government from 1964-85 used dubious statistics of economic growth to justify large-scale construction and territorial expansion. Yet, its political use of architecture remains unclear, as later revulsion about the dictatorship means there is still no in-depth architectural history of Brazil in this period.The thesis therefore analyses how Brazilian architecture responded to political shifts during the military rule, retracing the ways in which buildings, images and ideas about the built environment either contributed to shaping the vision of the country in convenience with the regime's intentions or operated as forms of resistance. In examining this missing piece of Brazilian architectural history, the research seeks to provide an interpretation of this context as seen through the lens of architecture, as much as to investigate the relationship between design and politics.