Conscientious objection in pharmacy practice and policy: An evaluation of the rights and duties of practitioners and regulators

在回答这个问题时，我将：-检查当前理论(法律和伦理)和实践者对良心在药剂业中的作用的理解；-检查目前对药剂业专业人员和监管机构在良心拒服兵役(CO)方面的权利和义务的理论、政策和实践理解；-探索良心拒服兵役与专业精神之间的关系(理论和实践)；-批判性地分析药剂学政策中CO的适当参数，并在适当的情况下提出修订专业指导意见的建议；以及-与高等院校和行业伙伴(如英格兰健康教育、苏格兰国民保健制度教育)合作，开发用于药学专业人员教育和培训的教学工具/技术。药剂学中的依良心拒服兵役是一个公众和专业关注的问题，经常在主流和药学媒体上强调。热门话题包括基于良心的反对堕胎、安乐死和个人化药物。然而，现有的关于一氧化碳在医疗保健中的地位的学术文献主要集中在医生身上，而药学背景在很大程度上被忽视了。这项拟议的研究询问，如果有的话，哪些任务应该允许药房专业人员出于良心的原因选择退出。药房专业人员一直在药物供应中发挥关键作用，他们的作用正在迅速扩大，这意味着在未来越来越多的新情况下，药房专业人员可能会出现CO(例如，协助死亡以使其合法化)。围绕辅助死亡和缺乏对药学专业人员的指导的持续辩论使得现在是一个非常合适的时机来促进学术界、政府和专业人士关于药学实践中CO参数的日益增长的辩论。这项研究将超越目前对这一主题的认识，收集参与药剂业的所有专业人员的观点，而不是简单地分配药剂师，并根据对法律、道德和专业的理论理解来分析这些发现。这将推动学术辩论，并为未来药学中关于CO的政策提供信息。

My research investigates which tasks, if any, pharmacy professionals should be permitted to opt out of on grounds of conscience.In addressing this question I will:- examine current theoretical (legal and ethical) and practitioner understandings of the role of conscience in pharmacy;- examine current theoretical, policy and practical understandings of the rights and duties of pharmacy professionals and regulators in relation to Conscientious Objection (CO);- explore the relationship between CO and professionalism (both in theory and practice);- critically analyse the appropriate parameters of CO in pharmacy policy and, if appropriate, make recommendations for revising professional guidance; and- develop pedagogical tools/techniques for use in the education and training of pharmacy professionals, in collaboration with HEIs and industry partners (e.g. Health Education England, NHS Education for Scotland)Conscientious objection (CO) in pharmacy is an issue of both public and professional concern, often highlighted in both mainstream and pharmacy media. Topical issues include conscience-based objection to provision of abortion, assisted dying, and personalised medicines. Existing academic literature on the place of CO in healthcare focuses on doctors, however, and the pharmacy context has largely been neglected. The proposed research asks which tasks, if any, pharmacy professionals should be permitted to opt out of on grounds of conscience. Pharmacy professionals have always had a critical role in the supply of medication, and their roles are rapidly expanding, meaning that CO may arise for pharmacy professionals in an increasing number of novel contexts in future (for example, were assisted dying to be legalised). Ongoing debates around assisted dying and scant guidance for pharmacy professionals make this a very opportune moment to contribute to the growing academic, governmental and professional debates about the parameters of CO in pharmacy practice. This research will extend beyond current knowledge of the topic by capturing perspectives of the full range of professionals involved in pharmacy, instead of simply dispensing chemists, and analysing these findings in light of theoretical understandings of law, ethics and the professions. This will advance academic debate and inform future policy around CO in pharmacy.