The impact of parental and local socio-economic shocks in childhood on young adults' expectations and perceived social norms

家庭的社会经济地位、父母的教育和当地的经济状况对儿童的发展起着至关重要的作用，是他们未来教育和人生选择的形成因素。一些研究确定了家庭的社会经济背景对儿童教育和其他重要生活结果的影响(Almond等人，2018年)。该项目旨在对儿童环境的影响提供更广泛的视角，并侧重于儿童环境在形成偏好、未来信念(主观期望)、个性和亲社会行为方面的作用。该项目的第一部分调查了童年时期经历的家庭冲击--即父母失业--是否会对年轻人的个性和未来信念产生长期影响。第二部分探讨了青年俱乐部和体育设施等地方公共资金的变化--这是英国紧缩政策的结果，或者是国家彩票利润分配给当地体育俱乐部、社会和文化场所--对个性、社会情感发展和未来信念的影响。第一个和第二个项目基于千禧年队列研究，这是一个由大约1.9万名在世纪之交出生在英国的儿童组成的纵向小组。这些儿童及其家庭从出生起就接受了调查，这提供了准确衡量生活事件的机会，包括可能是家庭特有的冲击(例如父母失业)或市政府特有的冲击(例如地方政府资金冲击)。重点将放在受访者对30岁时接受高等教育、就业和收入的主观期望上，这些期望是在17岁，也就是义务教育结束之前，在我设想的导师谢瓦利埃教授和卢尔曼教授开发的MSC模块中得出的。此外，该项目将利用17岁时的个性测量，以及在整个童年时期引发的社会情感发展。

Families' socio-economic status, parental education and local economic conditions play a critical role in child development and are formative factors for their future education and life choices. Several studies have established the impact of families' socio-economic background on children' education and other important life outcomes (Almond et al., 2018). This project aims to offer a broader perspective on the effect of childhood circumstances and focus on their role in the formation of preferences, future beliefs (subjective expectations), personality and prosocial behaviour. All of these have been shown to significantly affect life choices.The first part of the project investigates whether family shocks - i.e. parental unemployment - experienced during childhood unfold long-run impacts on the personality and future beliefs of young adults. The second part explores the influence of changes in local public funding for youth services such as youth clubs and sports facilities - experienced as a result of the UK austerity policy or from the allocation of National lottery profits to local sports clubs, social and cultural venues - on personality, socio-emotional development and future beliefs. These are linked to public policies discussed as components of the UK's `levelling up' strategy and to reduce youth crime but could also have long-run effects.The first and second projects are based on the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal panel of about 19,000 children born in the UK at the turn of the Millennium. These children, and their families, have been surveyed since birth, which offers the opportunity to precisely measure life events, including shocks that might be specific to the family (e.g. parental unemployment) or to the municipality (e.g. local government funding shocks). The focus will be on respondents' subjective expectations about attending higher education, employment and earnings at age 30 which were elicited at age 17, just before the end of compulsory schooling, in a module of MSC developed by - among others - my envisaged supervisors Profs Chevalier and Luhrmann. In addition, the project will exploit measures of personality at age 17, and socio-emotional development which has been elicited throughout childhood.