Weak Prefrontal DC Stimulation and Tobacco Craving

描述（由申请人提供）： 渴望是维持和复吸吸烟的一个重要方面。本研究的主要目的是测试极弱经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）（Nitsche & Paulus，2000）抑制烟草渴望的可行性并提供证据。我们建议使用两种互补的尖端神经技术来（1）使用tDCS（2 mA持续20分钟）非侵入性地操纵与渴望相关的前额叶脑活动，以及（2）光学（近红外光谱，NIRS）测量右（R）和左（L）前脑区域的局部皮质血流动力学，神经成像研究发现，在烟草线索引发的渴望期间激活。不寻求治疗的慢性吸烟者成年男性和女性将参加。研究前mNIRS记录阶段将使其适应实验室，并评估NIRS在本应用中的可靠性和有效性。然后将他们分配（在吸烟史和遗传成瘾易感性标志物DRD 2和多巴胺转运蛋白SLC 6A 3上等同）到接受前额叶tDCS的五个组（每组N=20）：阳极R;阳极L;阴极L;阳极L-不吸烟剥夺;和假tDCS（无电流）。除L阳极tDCS未剥夺组外，受试者均已戒烟（通过呼吸一氧化碳验证）。烟草渴望问卷（Singleton等人，2003，从Tiffany & Drobes，1991修改）将定期施用，并且在两个阶段（间隔1周）中连续记录四个脑部位（R和L背外侧以及R和L眶额前额叶皮质）的NIRS和心理生理学测量。在研究当天，所有参与者（N=100）将有一个休息基线，然后修改认知烟草意象脚本（Maude-Griffin & Tiffany，1996）。然后，在真实的或假的tDCS之后，所有参与者将暴露于吸烟线索的虚拟现实模拟。最后，他们将抽一支安慰剂香烟（10毫克焦油，0.05毫克尼古丁）。将使用多变量方差分析（对于重复测量）和t检验以及NIRS R和L脑激活测量与尼古丁渴求之间的秩序相关性来检验方向性先验假设。这项拟议的研究需要指导未来对tDCS神经技术的研究，以补充传统的戒烟治疗，特别是帮助预防复发。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Craving is an important aspect of both the maintenance and relapse to tobacco smoking. The primary purpose of the proposed study is to test the feasibility of and provide evidence for the application of very weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (Nitsche & Paulus, 2000) to suppress tobacco craving. We propose using two complementary, cutting-edge neuro-technologies to (1) noninvasively manipulate prefrontal brain activity associated with craving using tDCS (2 mA for 20 min), and (2) measure optically (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) regional cortical hemodynamics in right (R) and left (L) anterior brain regions, which neuroimaging studies have found to be activated during tobacco cue-elicited craving. Adult men and women who are chronic cigarette smokers not seeking treatment will participate. A pre-study mNIRS recording session will acclimate them to the laboratory and assess the reliability and validity of NIRS in this application. They will then be assigned (equated on smoking history and on the genetic addiction susceptibility markers DRD2 and dopamine transporter SLC6A3) into five groups (N=20 each) that receive prefrontal tDCS: anodal R; anodal L; cathodal L; anodal L-not smoking deprived; and sham tDCS (no current). The participants will have been abstinent from nicotine (verified by breath carbon monoxide) except for the L anodal tDCS-not-deprived group. The Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (Singleton et al., 2003, modified from Tiffany & Drobes, 1991) will be administered periodically, and NIRS at four brain sites (R and L dorsolateral and R and L orbitofrontal prefrontal cortices) and psychophysiological measures will be recorded continuously in both sessions (1 week apart). On the study day, all participants (N=100) will have a resting baseline followed by modified cognitive tobacco imagery scripts (Maude-Griffin & Tiffany, 1996). Then, after real or sham tDCS, all participants will be exposed to a virtual-reality simulation of smoking cues. At the end, they will smoke a placebo cigarette (10 mg tar, 0.05 mg nicotine). Directional a priori hypotheses will be tested using multivariate analysis of variance (for repeated measures) and t-tests, as well as rank-order correlations between NIRS R and L brain activation measures and nicotine craving. The proposed study is needed to guide future research on tDCS neurotechnology to supplement conventional smoking cessation treatments and, particularly, to help prevent relapse.