Maternal Health Behaviours and their Children's Education, Health, and Economic Outcomes

我们的目标是使用定量因果方法来探讨三种产妇健康行为的重要性，在子宫内和围产期，对教育（特别是普通中等教育证书）的结果为children.We特别关注因果效应-因为不可观察的混淆的可能性.这是重要的，因为工作的政策相关性将取决于有估计thathaved被清除的混淆不可观察的因素的影响.该组合旨在对三种重要的健康行为对政策相关性教育成果的影响进行高质量的因果估计。这项工作将培养评估方法的技能，以启动卫生经济学的职业生涯，并支持博士后研究议程。学生将探索：千年队列研究（MCS），其中数据已收集自概念;和两个纵向研究的年轻人在英格兰，LSYPE 1和2（跟踪超过13岁以上的儿童）。我们的目标是产生几个学术影响：我们希望启动发达国家卫生经济学家对斋月更广泛影响的研究。And we aim目标to promote促进development发展economists经济学家to explore探索compliance遵守with Ramadan斋月.我们希望，通过我们的使用集识别将促使其使用的其他研究人员的“工具变量”的方法（IV）将不足（很少承认的东西）。我们希望通过在丰富的数据集上应用“机器学习”（ML）方法，我们将向其他母乳喂养研究人员展示其有用性。我们将量化研究不足的因果关系与两个welltriddenhealthbehaviors相关的结果，我们将增加一个新的（斋月）。这些方法非常适合手头的问题，数据质量很高。So the studentship学生promises承诺new新evidence证据well-matched匹配to important重要policy政策issues问题.我们将探索比文献中通常描述的更广泛的结果-对SEN（D）状态的影响，非认知特征，（性格、心理控制源等以及耐心和风险态度）; KS 2、KS 3、GCSE和A级效应;和大学成绩，25岁时的收入和就业，25岁时的幸福感和心理健康，志愿服务和慈善捐赠，出生体重，早产，母乳喂养的建立和停止，儿童发育测试，儿童健康问题;行为问题，.......和更多.

Our aim is to use quantitative causal methods to explore the importance of three maternal healthbehaviours, in utero and peri-natal, on educational (especially GCSE) outcomes for the children.We specifically focus on causal effects - because of the possibility of unobservable confounding.This Is important because the policy relevance of the work will depend on having estimates thathave been purged of the effects of confounding unobservable factors. The portfolio aims to featurehigh quality causal estimates of the effect of three important health behaviours behaviours oneducational outcomes of policy relevance. The work will develop skills in evaluation methods tolaunch a career in health economics and support a post-doc research agenda.The student will explore: the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) where data has been collected fromconception; and the two Longitudinal Studies of Young People in England, LSYPE1 and 2 (that followchildren beyond 13+). The supervisors have long experience of these data - to allow rapid progress.We aim to have several academic impacts: we hope to kickstart research on the wider effects ofRamadan by developed world health economists. And we aim to promote development economiststo explore compliance with Ramadan. We hope that by our use of set identification will prompt itsuse by other researchers where the "Instrumental Variables" method (IV) would be underpowered(something seldom acknowledged). And we hope that by applying "Machine Learning" (ML)methods on rich datasets we will demonstrate its usefulness to other researchers of breastfeeding. We will be quantifying under-researched causal effects on outcomes associated with two welltroddenhealth behaviours, and we will add a new one (Ramadan). The methods are well-suited tothe problems at hand and the data is of high quality. So the studentship promises new evidencewell-matched to important policy issues. We will explore a much wider range of outcomes for thechildren than has usually featured in the literature - effects on SEN(D) status, non-cognitive traits(conscientiousness, locus of control etc as well as patience and risk attitudes); KS2, KS3, GCSE, andA-level effects; and university outcomes, earnings and employment at 25, well-being and mentalhealth at age 25, volunteering and charitable giving, birthweight, prematurity, breastfeedingestablishment and cessation, child development tests, child health problems; behaviouralproblems, .......and more.