Evaluating the health of treescapes in polluted urban environments

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Urban trees provide numerous ecosystem services and support biodiversity, but are subject to apotent combination of anthropogenic stressors. Pollution, drought and heat stress are all greater incities, and can limit tree growth and health, alone and in combination. However, these effects arepoorly understood at landscape scales, in part because the effects of stresses such as pollutantdeposition are not easily quantified in long-lived species, or at relevant spatial scales. This knowledgegap has undermined our ability to assess medium- and long-term impacts on the species which relyon urban trees, including diverse insect communities.