The Impact of Climate Change on Climate Migrants in Large Cities: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

与气候相关的移民，城市化和社会政策之间的关系是21世纪最复杂和最紧迫的全球问题之一，特别是在全球南方（IDMC，2021）。气候移民通常与人类流动有关，干旱和海平面上升）和突发灾害（例如，洪水），特别是在全球南方国家，估计到2050年将增加到约2.16亿人（Clement等人，2021年）。气候移民通常是国内移民，他们为了安全和更好的生活而在大城市定居。然而，这反过来又会导致或加剧城市的非正规性和不安全性（桑多瓦尔，2019年），在大城市，它们进一步加剧了气候变化的影响（Mearns & Nortonm，2009年）。巴基斯坦的大城市受到气候移民的影响;巴基斯坦实际上是受气候变化影响最严重的10个国家之一（Eckstein等人，2021年）。该国于2007年成立了国家灾害管理局，并于2012年制定了国家气候变化政策。在2022年12月的洪水中，巴基斯坦三分之一的地区被水淹没，大约800万人被迫流离失所（规划发展和特别倡议部，2022年）。信德省的卡拉奇市是巴基斯坦最大的城市，也是最容易受到气候变化影响的城市之一（Bhutoo，2020年）。卡拉奇的许多移民，包括气候移民，缺乏获得卫生和住房等社会服务的机会（Iqbal等人，2018年），并面临城市不公正，如剥夺（萨利姆，2021年）。这些现实指出了研究这一主题的重大社会需求，迄今为止，这一主题也受到了有限的关注（Hossain等人，2017; Adamson & Tsourapas，2020; Ghosh & Orchiston，2022）。因此，本研究的目的是综合一个跨学科的社会科学和社会政策框架，在与气候相关的移民，城市研究和社会政策的结合点产生新的理论和实践见解，形成有效的保护和缓解措施的基础上，气候变化对卡拉奇市气候移民的各种影响。

The nexus between climate-related migration, urbanisation, and social policy is among the most complex and pressing global issues of the 21st century, especially in the Global South (IDMC, 2021). Climate migration is usually associated with human mobility related to both slow-onset (e.g., droughts and sea level rise) and rapid-onset disasters (e.g., floods), particularly in countries of the Global South, and is estimated to increase to approximately 216 million people by 2050 (Clement et al., 2021). Climate migrants are usually internal migrants who settle in large cities for the purpose of a safe and better life. However, it in turn causes or intensifies forms of urban informality and insecurity (Sandoval, 2019), and they, in big cities, further contribute to climate change impacts (Mearns & Nortonm, 2009). Big cities inPakistan are affected by climate migrants; Pakistan is in fact among the top 10 countries most affected by climate change (Eckstein et al., 2021). The countryestablished a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in 2007 and developed its National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) in 2012. During the massive2022 floods one-third of Pakistan was under water, and about 8 million people forcibly displaced (Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives,2022). The city of Karachi in Sindh Province is Pakistan's largest city and one of the most vulnerable cities to climate change effects (Bhutoo, 2020). Manymigrants in Karachi, including climate migrants, lack access to social services such as health and housing (Iqbal et al., 2018) and face urban injustices suchas dispossession (Saleem, 2021). These realities point to the significant societal need to study this topic, which has also thus far received limited scholarlyattention (Hossain et al., 2017; Adamson & Tsourapas, 2020; Ghosh & Orchiston, 2022). And no full-scale academic study of Karachi, Pakistan exists.Therefore, the aim of this research is to synthesise an interdisciplinary social science and social policy framework that produces novel theoretical andempirical insights at the conjuncture of climate-related migration, urban studies, and social policy to form the basis of effective protection and preparationmeasures for various climate change impacts on climate migrants in the city of Karachi.