Vitamin A in the treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis

描述（由申请人提供）： 坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）是新生儿，特别是早产儿胃肠道疾病死亡的主要原因。在工业化国家，早期诊断和新生儿重症监护的进步提高了存活率。在发展中国家，低出生体重婴儿存活率的提高伴随着NEC病例的增加，但由于资源限制，管理方面没有相应的改善。需要研究负担得起的干预措施，以改善NEC的结果。维生素A（VA）通常在早产儿中含量较低，是维持肠道完整性，免疫能力和其他宿主防御的必需营养素。实验性VA缺乏症在肠道中产生病变，免疫力的变化与NEC引起的变化相似。据南亚报告，新生儿VA接受高效VA后早期婴儿死亡率的降低可能部分是通过增强对NEC的保护来介导的。因此，一个相关的问题是VA是否可以改善营养不良人群的NEC结果。为了解决这个问题，我们建议在孟加拉国达卡的Shishu儿童医院（一个国家儿科转诊中心）进行一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的VA补充试验。目的是评估VA补充剂在以下方面的功效：1）减少炎性细胞因子表达; 2）改善症状的严重程度和持续时间;和3）降低患有NEC的新生儿的疾病进展和死亡率的风险。量化VA的这些途径和影响可能有助于提高治疗效果，并为预防发展中国家的NEC提供新的见解。这项研究建立在约翰霍普金斯大学（JHU）和Shishu医院目前正在进行的临床试验研究的基础上。本研究拟作为K 01奖的一部分，以使PI成为营养免疫学的独立研究者。PI候选人将由JHU的West，Bream和Bourgeois博士指导，他们将与他一起通过联合指导阅读，课程作业，营养学，微生物学和免疫学的实验室培训，临床试验行为培训以及监督他的国际合作研究。在短期内，候选人将获得技能，通过实验室和现场调查来表征VA，感染和细胞因子表达的相互作用，而该研究为VA在治疗和预防与营养不良相关的严重儿科疾病中的潜在作用提供了证据。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal disease in newborns, particularly in preterm infants. In industrialized countries, earlier diagnosis and advances in neonatal critical care have improved survival. In developing countries, improved survival of low birth weight infants is being accompanied by an increase in NEC cases without parallel improvement in management due to resource constraints. Research on affordable interventions to improve NEC outcomes is needed. Vitamin A (VA), typically low in preterm infants, is an essential nutrient for maintaining gut integrity, immune competence and other host defenses. Experimental VA deficiency produces lesions in the gut and changes in immunity similar to those caused by NEC. It is plausible that reductions in early infant death following newborn VA receipt of high-potency VA, as reported from South Asia, may have been mediated, in part, by enhanced protection against NEC. Thus, a relevant question is whether VA can improve NEC outcomes in undernourished populations. To address this question, we propose to conduct a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled VA supplementation trial in Bangladesh, at the Shishu Children's Hospital in Dhaka, a national pediatric referral center. The aims are to evaluate the efficacy of VA supplementation in: 1) reducing inflammatory cytokine expression; 2) ameliorating severity and duration of symptoms; and 3) decreasing risks of disease progression and mortality in newborns with NEC. Quantifying these pathways and effects of VA may help to improve treatment efficacy and provide new insights to preventing NEC in developing countries. The study builds on clinical trial research currently underway between Johns Hopkins University (JHU) and Shishu Hospital. The study is proposed as part of a K01 award to prepare the PI as an independent investigator in nutritional immunology. The PI candidate will be guided by Drs. West, Bream, and Bourgeois at JHU, who will work with him through combined directed readings, coursework, laboratory training in nutrition, microbiology and immunology, training in clinical trial conduct, and supervising his international, collaborative research. In the short term, the candidate will gain skills to characterize interactions of VA, infection and cytokine expression through laboratory and field investigation, while the study contributes evidence on the potential roles of VA in treating and preventing severe pediatric diseases associated with malnutrition.