Producing micturition by combined afferent and effernet electrical stimulation

描述（由申请人提供）：神经系统疾病如脊髓损伤（SCI）导致发病的主要原因之一是对下尿路的控制丧失。脊髓损伤导致膀胱排空失去自主控制，膀胱在储存过程中过度活动（膀胱反射亢进），膀胱和尿道括约肌同时收缩（膀胱-括约肌协同作用障碍），而不是协同收缩。膀胱-括约肌协同困难妨碍尿液的完全排出，造成膀胱高压，需要每日导尿。这些事件可导致尿路感染、尿失禁和膀胱输尿管反流，从而导致肾脏损害。这些问题导致生活质量下降，医疗费用高昂，并对患者及其家属造成严重的负面社会和心理影响。骶运动神经根电刺激可恢复脊髓损伤后膀胱排尿功能；然而，只有结合不可逆的手术切断感觉脊神经根（即背根切断术）才能消除尿道括约肌的反射性收缩，否则会阻止排尿。根茎切断术的其他影响（丧失剩余感觉、反射性性功能和反射性排便）限制了临床对该手术的接受程度。该项目的目标是开发一种神经假体来恢复膀胱功能，而不需要背部神经根切断术。我们提出了一种创新的方法，利用传入（感觉）刺激，利用现有的脊髓回路产生排尿。我们以前已经证明，电刺激感觉神经可以引起膀胱收缩并产生排尿。这个项目将证明使用感官刺激结合运动刺激来产生排尿的可行性。这种方法将消除对背侧根切开术的需要，如果成功，可以迅速进入临床部署。补充实验将在动物和脊髓损伤患者中进行，以量化该方法的有效性，并将动物模型结果转化为人体可行性研究。这种膀胱排尿恢复的方法有望增加我们对下尿路传入神经生理学的理解，更重要的是，增加受益于神经义肢膀胱控制的人数，以改善他们的健康和生活质量，同时降低医疗保健系统的成本。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): One of the leading causes of morbidity resulting from neurological disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI) is the loss of control over the lower urinary tract. SCI results in loss of voluntary control of bladder evacuation, bladder overactivity during storage (bladder hyper-reflexia) and the bladder and urethral sphincter contract simultaneously (bladder-sphincter dysynergia) instead of in a coordinated manner. Bladder-sphincter dysynergia prevents complete elimination of urine, generates high bladder pressure and requires daily urethral catheterization. These events can lead to urinary tract infections, incontinence and vesico-ureteral reflux with ensuing kidney damage. These problems result in a decreased quality of life, large medical costs and a substantial negative social and psychological impact on patients and their families. Electrical stimulation of sacral motor nerve roots can restore bladder voiding after SCI; however only when combined with the irreversible surgical transection of the sensory spinal nerve roots (i.e., a dorsal rhizotomy) to eliminate reflex contractions of the urethral sphincter that otherwise prevent voiding. Other effects of the rhizotomy (loss of remaining sensation, reflex sexual function and reflex defecation) limit the clinical acceptance of this procedure. The goal of the proposed project is to develop a neural prosthesis to restore bladder function that does not require a dorsal rhizotomy. We propose an innovative approach using afferent (sensory) stimulation that exploits the existing spinal circuitry to produce voiding. We have previously shown that electrical stimulation of sensory nerves can evoke bladder contractions and produce voiding. This project will demonstrate the feasibility of using sensory stimulation combined with motor stimulation to produce voiding. This approach would eliminate the need for a dorsal rhizotomy and, if successful, can be rapidly moved into clinical deployment. Complementary experiments will be conducted in animals and people with SCI to quantify the effectiveness of this approach and to translate animal model results to human feasibility studies. This approach to restoration of bladder voiding is expected to increase our understanding of afferent-mediated neurophysiology of the lower urinary tract and, more importantly, to increase the number of people who benefit from neuroprosthetic bladder control to improve their health and quality of life while reducing costs to the healthcare system.