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Effects of Nicotine on Environmental Stimuli

尼古丁对环境刺激的影响

基本信息

批准号：
7218726
负责人：
JESSE DALLERY
金额：
$ 6.49万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2006
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2006-04-01 至 2009-03-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is growing evidence that non-nicotine factors, such as sensory stimuli associated with smoking, may contribute to the maintenance and relapse of smoking. In animal models, the mere presence of a visual stimulus during nicotine delivery increases self-administration. Several interpretations of the effects of nicotine on responding for non-nicotine stimuli are that nicotine: 1) enhances responding maintained by conditioned reinforcers, 2) enhances responding maintained by various environmental consequences (e.g. food, lights), and 3) causes increased activation of existing responses. Unfortunately, self-administration procedures confound responses that produce nicotine with responses that produce conditioned reinforcers. The present study will disentangle the interpretations listed above, while separating the direct effects of nicotine from responses maintained by conditioned reinforcers, using the observing response procedure. This procedure will allow us to compare effects of nicotine on several responses in rats (e.g. resulting in food, lights, extinction) and has built in controls for identifying general increases in already existing activity. Nicotine has also been shown to enhance resistance of responding maintained by food when food is removed. We will assess the reliability and generality of this finding to responses maintained by conditioned reinforcers. The following proposal consists of 2 experiments. Experiment I will investigate several doses of nicotine on responding maintained by different consequences (e.g., primary and conditioned reinforcers) and resistance of such responding during extinction. Experiment II will seek to distinguish whether these effects are mediated by central or perhipheral mechanisms by blocking nicotine with the antagonists mecamylamine and hexamethonium. This project will compare different hypotheses for the effects of nicotine on responding for non-nicotine stimuli and will further validate an animal model for understanding the effects of nicotine on various environmental consequences.

描述（由申请人提供）：越来越多的证据表明，非尼古丁因素，如与吸烟相关的感官刺激，可能有助于吸烟的维持和复发。在动物模型中，在尼古丁递送期间仅仅存在视觉刺激就增加了自我给药。尼古丁对非尼古丁刺激反应的影响的几种解释是，尼古丁：1）增强由条件反射维持的反应，2）增强由各种环境后果（例如食物、灯光）维持的反应，3）导致现有反应的激活增加。不幸的是，自我给药程序混淆了产生尼古丁的反应和产生条件反射的反应。本研究将解开上述解释，同时使用观察反应程序将尼古丁的直接影响与条件反射维持的反应分开。该程序将使我们能够比较尼古丁对大鼠几种反应的影响（例如，导致食物、光线、消光），并建立了用于识别现有活动普遍增加的对照。尼古丁也被证明可以增强食物被移除时由食物维持的反应抵抗力。我们将评估这一发现的可靠性和一般性的反应保持条件反射。下面的实验包括两个实验。实验I将研究几种剂量的尼古丁对不同后果维持的反应（例如，初级和条件反射器）和在灭绝期间的这种响应的抗性。实验II将试图区分这些影响是否是通过阻断尼古丁与拮抗剂美加明和六甲铵的中枢或外周机制介导的。该项目将比较尼古丁对非尼古丁刺激反应的影响的不同假设，并将进一步验证动物模型，以了解尼古丁对各种环境后果的影响。