Drugs as conditioned reinforcers and/or enhancers of social reward in adolescents

药物作为青少年社会奖励的条件强化剂和/或增强剂

• 批准号: 7387575
• 负责人: Janet L Neisewander
• 金额: $ 22万
• 依托单位: ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY-TEMPE CAMPUS
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2007-09-30 至 2009-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7387575
• 关键词: Adolescence; Adolescent; Animal Model; Animals; Behavior; Condition; Cues; Dependence; Development; Disease; Dose; Drug abuse; Enhancers; Environment; Health; Intake; Intervention; Intravenous; Investigation; Knowledge; Maintenance; Male Adolescents; Measures; Methods; Modeling; Nature; Nicotine; Outcome; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacologic Actions; Play; Pre-Clinical Model; Prevention intervention; Purpose; Rate; Rattus; Relative (related person); Research; Rewards; Risk; Rodent; Role; Self Administration; Smoker; Smoking; Social Interaction; Social Reinforcement; Stimulus; Thinking; Time; Tobacco; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services; addiction; design; desire; drug abuser; drug addict; drug seeking behavior; experience; insight; neuromechanism; novel; paired stimuli; peer; pre-clinical research; preference; reinforcer; research study; response; social

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Most drug addicts begin taking drugs during adolescence, often in social settings in which their peers encourage and reinforce their behavior, yet little preclinical research has investigated how social reward influences initiation and maintenance of drug abuse and dependence. The objective of the proposed research is to develop an animal model for this purpose. Two hypotheses regarding drug: social reward interactions that may contribute to drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors in adolescents will be examined: 1) pharmacologic effects of drugs may synergistically enhance the rewarding effects of social interaction, and 2) drugs may acquire conditioned reinforcing effects via pairing with social interaction. The proposal focuses on interactions between nicotine and social reward. Nicotine is the pharmacologic agent in tobacco products that is primarily responsible for the reinforcing and dependence-producing effects of smoking and desire to affiliate with other smokers contributes to initiation of smoking in adolescents. Furthermore, rodent self-administration studies have found that not only is nicotine reinforcing, but it is also capable of enhancing the reinforcing effects of other stimuli, such as response-contingent cues that appear in conjunction with nicotine delivery. Research with other drugs suggests that drug states that are not reinforcing on their own can acquire conditioned reinforcing effects via pairing with natural rewards. Therefore, we reasoned that during early use, the nicotine state may acquire conditioned reinforcing effects through association with social reinforcement, such that these effects add to its own mildly reinforcing effects rendering nicotine highly reinforcing. Social reward will be measured using a conditioned place preference method we have recently developed. The first aim of the proposed research is to establish a conditioned place preference (CPP) method for assessing rewarding effects of intravenous nicotine administration. Next, the ability of nicotine to enhance social reward-CPP will be investigated. Finally, experiments will examine whether previous pairings of nicotine with social interaction will facilitate acquisition, and enhance intake during maintenance, of nicotine self-administration. To our knowledge, these experiments will be the first to examine the influence of social interaction on nicotine self-administration in animals. The animal model will allow investigation of neural mechanisms involved in drug: social reward interactions, and therefore, may offer novel insight into the development of addiction and prevention/intervention strategies involving social interaction. Drug abuse and dependence are major health and societal problems. The proposed research will investigate novel hypotheses regarding the interaction between the rewarding effects of nicotine and social interaction that may contribute to these disorders. The findings could potentially initiate a line of investigation on neural mechanisms involved in these interactions, which may in turn provide insight for understanding and treating drug abuse and dependence.

描述（由申请人提供）：大多数吸毒成瘾者在青春期开始吸毒，通常是在同龄人鼓励和强化他们行为的社会环境中，但很少有临床前研究调查社会奖励如何影响药物滥用和依赖的开始和维持。拟议研究的目的是为此目的开发动物模型。关于药物的两个假设：可能有助于青少年吸毒和寻求药物行为的社会奖赏相互作用：1）药物的药理作用可能协同增强社会互动的奖赏效应，2）药物可能通过与社会互动配对获得条件强化效应。该提案的重点是尼古丁和社会奖励之间的相互作用。尼古丁是烟草制品中的药理剂，主要负责吸烟的强化和依赖性产生作用，而与其他吸烟者交往的欲望则有助于青少年开始吸烟。此外，啮齿类动物的自我给药研究发现，尼古丁不仅具有增强作用，而且还能够增强其他刺激的增强效果，例如与尼古丁输送一起出现的反应相关线索。对其他药物的研究表明，本身不增强的药物状态可以通过与自然奖励配对来获得条件增强效果。因此，我们推断，在早期使用过程中，尼古丁状态可能通过与社会强化相关而获得条件强化效应，从而这些效应增加了其自身的轻度强化效应，从而使尼古丁高度强化。社会奖励将使用我们最近开发的条件位置偏好方法来衡量。本研究的首要目的是建立条件性位置偏好（CPP）方法来评估静脉尼古丁给药的奖励效果。接下来，将研究尼古丁增强社会奖赏的能力——CPP。最后，实验将检查先前的尼古丁与社交互动的配对是否会促进尼古丁自我给药的获得并在维持期间增加尼古丁的摄入量。据我们所知，这些实验将是第一个研究社会互动对动物尼古丁自我给药影响的实验。该动物模型将允许研究涉及药物：社会奖励相互作用的神经机制，因此可能为成瘾的发展和涉及社会互动的预防/干预策略提供新的见解。药物滥用和依赖是主要的健康和社会问题。拟议的研究将调查有关尼古丁的奖励效应与可能导致这些疾病的社会互动之间相互作用的新假设。这些发现可能会启动对这些相互作用所涉及的神经机制的一系列研究，这反过来可能为理解和治疗药物滥用和依赖提供见解。