Post-Attentive Vision

描述(由申请人提供)：这项建议解决了当前在视觉、视觉注意和视觉记忆方面工作中的一个基本紧张问题。一方面，我们可以在不到一秒的时间内识别出视觉刺激，而稍长一点的陈述，这样的刺激可以记住好几天。另一方面，像“改变失明”和“无意失明”这样的现象似乎显示出视觉表征和/或记忆的显著缺陷。观察者没有报告视觉显示明显明显的方面。在我们自己的“遗体视觉”(上一次授权期的主题)的工作中，SS通过静态的、不变的显示重复地搜索。尽管SS已经清楚地记住了显示，但数百次的尝试并没有提高重复搜索的效率。本提案的目标是协调这些不同的研究流派。观察者怎么能在一秒钟的演示后24小时识别出一个场景，但却不知道该场景中的一个物体是否在他的眼前解体？具体目标有三个： 为什么受试者在重复搜索时会选择视觉而不是记忆？我们将测试关于这种明显依赖视觉的原因的三种假设。A)视觉优先：当可用视觉总是优先时，B)低效记忆：实际上，SS确实搜索记忆，但这种搜索与视觉搜索一样低效，或者C)实用选择：即使是高效的记忆搜索的成本，也使低效的视觉搜索是值得的。 什么时候记忆对视觉搜索有贡献？在Chun和酱(1998)的“语境线索”范式中，对重复暴露于搜索刺激的记忆确实有助于随后的搜索。我们考察了语境线索与重复搜索的关系。我们假设这些是互补的，而不是相互矛盾的发现。 一幅画的主旨是什么？在图片记忆任务中，学生被认为记住了图像的“要旨”。我们认为，这一要点包括基本特征的分布，如颜色和大小，以及场景的结构或“空间包络”的快速计算(Oliva&Torralba，2001)。GIST还包括有限数量的参与对象。我们将使用几个汇聚的实验范例来评估场景要点的这些组成部分。总而言之，这一研究项目的结果将检验将我们对视觉搜索的理解与我们对短期和长期视觉记忆的理解联系在一起的假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal addresses a fundamental tension in current work on vision, visual attention, & visual memory. On the one hand, we can recognize visual stimuli in a fraction of a second and, with slightly longer presentations, such stimuli can be remembered for days. On the other hand, phenomena like "change blindness" and "inattentional blindness" seem to show striking failures of visual representation and/or memory. Observers fail to report apparently obvious aspects of visual displays. In our own work on "postattentive vision" (the subject of the previous grant period), Ss searched repeatedly through static, unchanging displays. Hundreds of trials did not improve the efficiency of Repeated Search even though Ss had clearly memorized the display. The goal of the present proposal is to reconcile these disparate streams of research. How can an observer recognize a scene 24 hours after a one second presentation and yet be unaware if an object in that scene disintegrates before his eyes? There are three specific aims: Why do subjects choose vision over memory in Repeated Search? We will test three hypotheses about the cause of this apparent reliance on vision. A) Vision First: When available vision always takes priority, B) Inefficient Memory: Ss do, in fact, search memory but that search is as inefficient as visual search, or C) Pragmatic Choice: The costs, even of efficient memory search, make inefficient visual search worthwhile. When does memory contribute to visual search? In the "Contextual Cueing" paradigm of Chun and Jiang (1998), memory for repeated exposure to a search stimulus does aid subsequent search. We examine the relationship of Contextual Cueing to Repeated Search. We hypothesize that these are complementary, not contradictory findings. What is the gist of a picture? In Picture Memory tasks, Ss are said to remember the "gist" of an image. We propose that this gist includes the distribution of basic features like color and size and a rapid calculation of the structure or "spatial envelope" (Oliva & Torralba, 2001) of the scene. Gist also includes a limited number of attended objects. We will use several converging experimental paradigms to assess these components of the gist of a scene. Taken together, the results of this program of research will test hypotheses that tie our understanding of visual search to our understanding of short and longer term visual memory.