Landscapes of Secrecy: The Central Intelligence Agency and the contested record of US foreign policy, 1947-2001.

保密景观：中央情报局和美国外交政策的争议记录，1947-2001。

• 批准号: AH/F018444/1
• 负责人: Richard Aldrich
• 金额: $ 58.97万
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2008 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF018444%2F1
• 关键词: Landscapes; Secrecy; Central; Intelligence; Agency

Since 1947, American espionage and covert operations have enjoyed a uniquely high profile. This is partly because of a taste for 'covert' interventions that were often impossible to keep hidden from public view (for example the Bay of Pigs fiasco). Frequent revelations also reflected a written constitution that guaranteed investigative journalists relative immunity. Throughout this period, the US government sought to cope with the appearance of unauthorised accounts of intelligence operations. It developed a forward strategy of 'information management' intended to limit the release of damaging material and to place positive historical information in the public domain. Academics, journalists and many CIA retirees then developed counter-strategies of resistance. Our project seeks, not only to provide a detailed account this struggle, but also to embed it within the broader history of American foreign policy. It will demonstrate the way in which CIA activity has often been redolent of wider issues. These include a long-standing oscillation between interventionism and isolationism, between presidential leadership and democratic foreign policy, and also between exceptionalism and univeralist approaches to human rights. Public moves by both the President and Congress after 1975 to restrict - and then unleash - the CIA underline its symbolic importance.The project is organised into three main 'strands'. The first focuses on the struggle over the appearance of the CIA in the State Department's respected series of published historical documents. A high profile battle between academics, the State Department and the CIA prompted legislative intervention by Congress in 1991. Thereafter, the CIA developed its own 'forward strategy' in the field of history, including a large on-site museum. The second stream constitutes an analysis of the production and role of CIA memoirs by retired CIA officers. More than ninety CIA memoirs have been published. Because of the uneven nature of primary historical documentation concerning the intelligence, memoirs have exercised a disproportionate influence upon the construction of CIA history. Controversially, some retirees published 'renegade' memoirs that were uncensored. The third stream explores the realm of 'spy-faction', or lightly fictionalized accounts of real events. This popular form of CIA 'history' has achieved a wide reception as the result of transfer to the cinema screen. The CIA now co-operates with film companies to enhance their 'reality' and recently assisted with the film 'The Good Shepherd'. These three strands have been selected for their importance within the overall construction of American foreign policy. They have also been chosen because pilot projects have identified excellent, and hitherto unused, archival material at the US National Archives as well at other repositories at Texas and Stanford. The chosen subjects also lend themselves well to interview. The project team represents a multi-disciplinary collaboration between the Universities of Warwick and Nottingham. It comprises academics experienced in the fields of the American studies, diplomatic history and the history of intelligence, together with Cold War literature and film. A balance of senior scholars and younger researchers will combine strong direction with excellent progression opportunities for new entrants.This is a subject that will interest not only scholars of American foreign policy, but also policy-makers and the general public. Accordingly, the findings will be widely disseminated. There will be four books, seven journal articles and a conference. Public understanding is important for this project. A web-site will host online documents, articles and advertise the end of project conference. Engagement with the serious press and pod-casting will be a key aspect of dissemination. Three valued American partners and an expert advisory board will ensure balanced output.

自 1947 年以来，美国的间谍活动和秘密行动一直享有独特的高调。部分原因是人们喜欢“秘密”干预，而这些干预通常不可能隐藏在公众视野之外（例如猪湾惨败）。频繁的泄密也反映出成文宪法保障调查记者的相对豁免权。在此期间，美国政府一直在努力应对情报行动未经授权账户的出现。它制定了一项“信息管理”的前瞻性战略，旨在限制破坏性材料的发布，并将积极的历史信息置于公共领域。随后，学者、记者和许多中央情报局退休人员制定了抵制策略。我们的项目不仅旨在提供这场斗争的详细描述，而且还将其嵌入到更广泛的美国外交政策历史中。它将展示中央情报局的活动如何常常让人联想到更广泛的问题。其中包括干预主义与孤立主义之间、总统领导与民主外交政策之间、以及例外主义与普遍主义人权方针之间的长期摇​​摆。 1975 年之后，总统和国会公开采取行动限制并随后释放中央情报局，凸显了其象征意义。该项目分为三个主要“部分”。第一个重点关注中央情报局出现在国务院一系列受人尊敬的历史文件中的斗争。 1991年，学术界、国务院和中央情报局之间的一场备受瞩目的斗争促使国会立法干预。此后，中央情报局在历史领域制定了自己的“前进战略”，其中包括建立一个大型现场博物馆。第二部分是对退休中央情报局官员的中央情报局回忆录的制作和作用的分析。已经出版了九十多本中央情报局回忆录。由于有关情报的主要历史文献的参差不齐，回忆录对中央情报局历史的构建产生了不成比例的影响。有争议的是，一些退休人员出版了未经审查的“叛逆”回忆录。第三个流探索“间谍派”的领域，或者对真实事件的轻微虚构的描述。这种流行的中央情报局“历史”形式因搬上电影银幕而获得了广泛的接受。中央情报局现在与电影公司合作，以增强他们的“真实性”，最近还协助拍摄了电影《好牧人》。这三个分支因其在美国外交政策整体构建中的重要性而被选中。选择它们的另一个原因是试点项目在美国国家档案馆以及德克萨斯州和斯坦福大学的其他存储库中发现了优秀且迄今为止未使用的档案材料。所选择的主题也很适合采访。该项目团队代表了华威大学和诺丁汉大学之间的多学科合作。它由在美国研究、外交史和情报史以及冷战文学和电影领域经验丰富的学者组成。资深学者和年轻研究人员的平衡将为新进入者提供强有力的指导和良好的发展机会。这个课题不仅会引起美国外交政策学者的兴趣，也会引起政策制定者和公众的兴趣。因此，调查结果将被广泛传播。将有四本书、七篇期刊文章和一次会议。公众的理解对于这个项目很重要。网站将托管在线文档、文章并宣传项目会议的结束。与严肃媒体和播客的接触将是传播的一个关键方面。三个重要的美国合作伙伴和一个专家顾问委员会将确保平衡的产出。

项目成果

Spinning Intelligence: Why Intelligence Needs the Media, Why the Media Needs Intelligence

旋转情报：为什么情报需要媒体，为什么媒体需要情报

• 发表时间: 2009
• 作者: Aldrich R.J.

'A Profoundly Disruptive Force': The CIA, Historiography and the Perils of Globalization

“一股极具破坏性的力量”：中央情报局、史学和全球化的危险

• DOI: 10.1080/02684527.2011.559139
• 发表时间: 2011
• 期刊: Intelligence and National Security
• 影响因子: 1.2
• 作者: Aldrich R

US-European Intelligence Co-Operation on Counter-Terrorism: Low Politics and Compulsion

美欧情报反恐合作：低政治性和强迫性

• DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-856x.2008.00353.x
• 发表时间: 2009
• 期刊: The British Journal of Politics and International Relations
• 作者: Aldrich R

Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography Since 1945

英国和美国的情报研究：1945 年以来的史学

• 发表时间: 2013
• 作者: Aldrich, R.J.

Special Issue of the journal HISTORY

历史杂志特刊

• 作者: Aldrich, R.J Editor