ENHANCING OPENNESS AND EXPLAINING SECRECY: POLICY LESSONS FROM THE DECLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY RECORDS

这一拟议的解密后续筹资项目将提炼和传播在AHRC的“保密景观”项目期间吸取的政策教训，从而产生更大的影响。它将概述在政府与解密领域的广泛用户之间接触方面的最佳做法问题。涵盖的主题将包括信息自由制度、在网上发布供公众查阅的文件、选择保存的文件、审查前官员提出的回忆录、官方历史、政府对文化制作项目的援助以及新闻联络。在我们正在进行的项目的原始规格中，现在是最后一年，我们解释说，自1947年以来，美国所谓的秘密间谍和秘密行动实际上一直享有独特的高调。这在一定程度上是因为华盛顿喜欢“秘密”干预，而这些干预实际上是不可能隐藏在公众视线之外的(例如，猪湾惨败)。美国宪法第一修正案的法律含义也确保了记者在报道有关情报界的报道时几乎完全不受影响。因此，在50多年的时间里，美国政体一直在努力平衡开放和保密。对政策制定者来说，解密与安全和情报事项有关的信息是一个特别具有挑战性的领域。在整个欧洲，20世纪90年代出现的新的情报和安全法律框架，让政府在问责和公众理解方面承担了更大的责任。要求解密与情报和安全机构有关的历史记录的公众压力不断。然而，与此同时，安全问题，特别是跨国威胁的负担越来越大，这使得国家机密变得更加重要。我们当前项目的成果的性质有利于学术和公众的理解。例如，主要产出将采用四本专著的形式，分别涉及：(一)解密、(二)回忆录、(三)派系和(四)媒体。通过网络活动和旨在吸引公众参与和学术活动的大型会议，公众的理解被列为优先事项。更广泛的受众也通过新闻报道和播客得到了满足。我们现在希望与第三部门一起，针对英国和欧洲的政府开展具体的“经验教训”活动。在拟议的后续项目中，这将通过六种不同类型的实质性活动实现(见上文“目标”)。拟议的后续资助项目在四个方面促进了AHRC和RCUK的广泛优先事项：1.它通过培训新的研究人员了解实践者参与的案例研究，探索产生影响的途径。2.它吸取过去的教训，探讨公共生活的透明度和信任问题。3.通过其在日内瓦和海牙的伙伴和合作者，它与我们的欧洲邻国在政府方面进行接触。4.最重要的是，它有助于在全球不确定的情况下为提供安全保障的部门制定基于证据的政策。(艺术与人文研究理事会2011-2015年交付计划，第8、11、14页。)注：我们的申请与原判中已经讨论过的影响活动无关。还请注意，我们意识到，对情报和安全机构的研究，即使在历史背景下，有时也会引发道德问题。这项提案和主要项目都聚焦于解密和公众参与，正是因为这些问题是“非机密”的，因此相对惰性。部分出于这个原因，我们得到了各机构的热情支持和合作。

This proposed follow-on-funding project on declassification will provide additional impact by distilling and disseminating the policy lessons learned during the AHRC's "Landscapes of Secrecy" project. It will outline issues of best practice in terms of engagement between government and a wide range of users in the realm of declassification. The themes covered will include Freedom of Information regimes, web publication of documents for public access, selection of documents for preservation, reviewing of proposed memoirs by former officials, official histories, government assistance to projects of cultural production and press liaison. In the original specification for our ongoing project, "Landscapes of Secrecy", which is now in its final year, we explained that since 1947, American so-called 'secret' espionage and covert operations have in fact enjoyed a uniquely high profile. This is partly because of Washington's taste for 'covert' interventions that were in practice impossible to keep hidden from public view (for example the Bay of Pigs fiasco). The legal implications of the First Amendment of the US Constitution also assured journalists almost complete immunity when breaking stories about the intelligence community. Accordingly, over fifty years, the American polity struggled to balance openness and secrecy. Declassification of information relating to security and intelligence matters is an especially challenging area for policy-makers. Across Europe, new legal frameworks for intelligence and security that arrived in the 1990s have placed a stronger duty on government in terms of both accountability and public understanding. There is constant public pressure for declassification of historical records relating to the intelligence and security agencies. Yet at the same time, the growing burden of security issues, especially transnational threats, has placed a greater premium on state secrecy. The nature of the output from our current project privileges academic and public understanding. For example, the main output will take the form of four monographs dealing with, respectively: (i) declassification, (ii) memoirs, (iii) faction and (iv) the media. Public understanding has been prioritised through web-activity and a large conference which is designed to attract public participation as well as academic activity. Wider audiences are also being addressed through press articles and pod-casting. We now wish to develop specific "lessons learned" activity directed at government in the UK and Europe, together with the Third Sector. In the proposed follow-on project this will be realised through six different types of substantive activity (see 'Objectives' above). The proposed follow-on-funding project contributes to broad AHRC and RCUK priorities in four ways: 1. It explores 'pathways to impact' by training new researchers on case studies of practitioner engagement. 2. It draws out the lessons of the past to explore issues of transparency and trust in public life. 3. Through its partners and collaborators in Geneva and The Hague it engages with our European neighbours in government. 4. Most importantly, it contributes to evidence based policy-making for departments delivering security in the context of global uncertainty. (Arts & Humanities Research Council Delivery Plan 2011-2015, pp.8, 11, 14.) NB: Our application does not relate to impact activities that were already discussed within the original award. Please also note that we are aware that research on intelligence and security agencies, even in a historical context, can sometimes raise ethical issues. Both this proposal and the main project are focused on declassification and public engagement precisely because these issues are 'unsecret' and therefore relatively inert. Partly for this reason we have received enthusiastic support and offers of collaboration from the agencies.