Sharing Nature's Bounty: The Moral Case for a Universal Equal Endowment of Resources and its Political Implications

虽然在当代政治哲学中可以找到对平等的共同承诺，但对于这种承诺在社会内部分配货物方面实际上意味着什么，没有达成共识。在这场辩论中，一个有影响力的运动被称为“左翼自由主义”。左翼自由意志主义者试图综合我们对自由和平等的道德直觉，证明这两个概念不一定冲突，就像过去的意识形态辩论经常暗示的那样。左翼自由意志主义理论的两个基本原则是：第一，个人有权不受他人干涉;第二，没有人对世界资源有任何特殊要求，因此世界资源应该在每个人之间平等分享。根据左翼自由意志主义者的观点，每个人都应该在生命之初获得资源禀赋，或者说在一生中获得基本收入，这代表了他们在世界资源中的份额。我们的项目，分享自然的恩惠，旨在澄清左自由主义捐赠提案的道德案例，并探讨其政治含义，寻求弥合理论和实践之间的差距。我们将提供一个哲学的表达和辩护的基本左自由主义的道德承诺平等，并显示什么样的资源的平等的禀赋是最适合实现这一承诺。我们将探讨如何确定养老金的适当规模，以及个人是否应该在人生开始时获得一次性养老金，还是终生获得基本收入。与许多其他同类研究不同，本项目旨在超越传统的哲学讨论范围，探讨拟议的平等养老金政策的政治含义。特别是，我们将重点关注左翼自由主义的建议需要政府征税的程度，并考虑如何实施这种税收。我们将特别关注我们的研究对全球正义的影响，研究如何在国际一级实施捐赠提案。该项目将涉及埃克塞特大学的两名调查员和一名博士生，也在埃克塞特。它旨在回答当代政治哲学中的重要问题，建立这一研究领域的能力，围绕项目主题建立网络，促进参与项目的人员的专业发展。该项目还旨在开发我们的研究在现实世界的政策制定决策中的应用。为了实现这一目标，除了我们将发表的学术文章和两篇手稿外，我们还将为《经济学人》杂志和《新政治家》等读者更广泛的出版物撰写文章。我们将举办年度研讨会和大型的最后一年会议，参与者来自学术界和其他领域，包括政策制定者，智库和民间社会组织。

Although a shared commitment to equality can be identified in contemporary political philosophy, there is no consensus on what that commitment actually entails in terms of the distribution of goods within society. One influential movement within this debate is that which has been called 'left-libertarianism'. Left-libertarians attempt to synthesise our moral intuitions about both freedom and equality, demonstrating that the two concepts need not conflict, as ideological debate in the past has often suggested. Two principles are foundational in left-libertarian theory: first, that individuals have rights against interference by others; second, that no individuals have any special claims to the world's resources, and that the world's resources should therefore be shared out equally amongst everyone. According to left-libertarians, everyone should receive an endowment of resources at the start of their lives, or a basic income throughout their lives, representing their share of the world's resources. Our project, Sharing Nature's Bounty, aims to clarify the moral case for the left-libertarian endowments proposal and to explore its political implications, seeking to bridge the gap between theory and practice. We will provide a philosophical articulation and defence of the underlying left-libertarian moral commitment to equality, and show what sort of equal endowment of resources is most suitable for the realisation of that commitment. We will ask how to determine the appropriate size of the proposed endowment, and whether individuals should receive a one-off endowment at the start of their lives, or a basic income throughout their lives.Unlike many other studies of its kind, this project aims to go beyond the traditional scope of philosophical discussions to examine the political implications of the equal endowment policy proposed. In particular, we will focus on the extent to which left-libertarian proposals require government taxation, and consider how such taxation should be implemented. We will focus particular attention on the implications of our research for global justice, examining how the endowments proposal could be implemented at the international level.The project will involve two Investigators at the University of Exeter and a PhD student, also based at Exeter. It aims to answer important questions within contemporary political philosophy, to build capacity in this area of research, to develop networks around the project themes, and to promote the professional development of those participating in the project.The project also aims to develop the use our research in real-world policy making decisions. In order to acheive this aim, in addition to the academic articles and two manuscripts that we will publish, we will also write articles for publications with more general readerships such as The Economist magazine and The New Statesman. We will hold annual workshops and a large final-year conference involving participants from academia and beyond, including policy makers, think tanks and civil-society organisations.