Inserting Ethics into Deliberation on Adaptation and Resilience Policy

这一后续项目旨在将“为什么我们对发展意见不一致”（WhyDAR）研究项目（NE/P01609X/1）所获得的一些经验纳入适应和复原力的决策中。WhyDAR旨在确定理解城市复原力的不同方式，同时调查科学、技术、伦理和专业知识在制定南半球复原力战略中的作用。它引出了关于弹性概念的分歧所引起的关键伦理问题，并提出了面对这种分歧，一个公平的弹性方法会是什么样子。该项目将与南非开普敦（中高收入）市级气候适应小组合作，旨在将这些经验教训纳入现实生活中的适应和复原力政策。南非很可能经历——而且在某些情况下已经经历了——气候变化的负面影响，例如干旱和洪水。不幸的是，在南非，获得有弹性的基础设施，包括住房、医疗保健和食物链，以及代表性机构的机会是非常不平等、不公平和不足的。因此，特别是最贫穷和最脆弱的社区成员往往被排除在复原力和适应战略之外，代表性不足，威胁到他们的生命、健康、粮食安全、生计、福祉以及获得水和能源供应等关键服务的机会。这种情况引发了一个伦理问题，即最易受气候影响的中低收入国家的适应和复原力规划如何变得更加平等、公平，并能代表最需要包容的群体，包括考虑到不同利益相关者对复原力有不同的概念和目标。该项目将与开普敦市政气候适应小组合作，制定并实施三种程序性方法，将伦理审议纳入地方和市政层面的适应和复原力规划和决策中：(i)利益相关者对话将不同受影响群体的代表聚集在一起，包括决策者、市议会成员、服务提供商、非政府组织、企业，而不是当地社区的成员。通过对话，审议者将被迫考虑其他群体的利益，解释并为自己的观点提供理由。情景构建练习将鼓励审议人员反思不同复原力情景的伦理方面以及如何解决这些问题。特别是，我们将尝试一种练习，在考虑一个场景时，审议者将在“无知之幕”后面，不知道他们在其中具有什么身份。只有在这之后，他们的身份才会被披露，然后他们才会评估他们在幕后提出的解决方案是否对所有利益相关者都是公平的。（iii）以问题为导向的审议侧重于解决具体的、现实生活中的弹性挑战。在规划过程的不同阶段，将要求规划者在训练有素的伦理学家的帮助下，对其计划的伦理影响进行反思。这些练习的目的是测试将道德纳入开普敦复原力规划的不同框架；从中吸取经验教训和最佳做法，以便在类似的低收入和中等收入国家中推广和实施；识别和共同生产有关弹性规划的道德方面的知识；并建立在市政和地方机构审议恢复能力时考虑道德的能力。该项目将涉及华威大学和开普敦大学的研究人员，与开普敦城市气候适应小组以及非政府组织“实际行动”和“基督教援助”合作。

This follow-up project aims to integrate into adaptation and resilience policy-making some of the lessons gained through the Why We Disagree About Development (WhyDAR) research project (NE/P01609X/1). WhyDAR aimed to identify different ways in which urban resilience is understood while investigating the role of science, technology, ethics and expertise in the making of resilience strategies in the Global South. It drew out key ethical questions arising from disagreement about conceptions to resilience, and asked what an equitable approach to resilience would look like in the face of this disagreement. Aiming to integrate these lessons into real-life adaptation and resilience policy, this project will work together with the climate adaptation team at the municipal level in Cape Town, South Africa (upper middle income). South Africa is likely to experience - and, in some cases, have already experienced - the negative effects of climate change, such as droughts and floodings. Unfortunately, access to resilient infrastructures, including housing, health care, and food chains, and representative institutions is highly unequal, inequitable, and inadequate within South Africa. Consequently, especially the poorest and most vulnerable community members are often left out and underrepresented within resilience and adaptation strategies, threatening their lives, health, food security, livelihoods, well-being, and access to crucial services, such as water and energy supply. This situation raises ethical issues of how adaptation and resilience planning within the most climate vulnerable LMICs can become more equal, equitable, and representative of those who are most in need of inclusion, including taking into account the fact that different stakeholders have different conceptions of and aims for resilience. Working together with the municipal climate adaptation team of Cape Town, the project will develop and implement three procedural methodologies for inserting ethical deliberations into adaptation and resilience planning and policy-making at the local and municipal level: (i) Stakeholder dialogues bring together representatives of different affected groups, including policy-makers, city council members, service providers, NGOs, businesses, and not members of the local communities. Through dialogue, deliberators will be forced to take into account the interests of other groups, explain and provide justification for their own views.(ii) Scenario building exercises will encourage deliberators to reflect on the ethical aspects of different resilience scenarios and how they may be resolved. In particular, we will try out an exercise in which the deliberators will be behind a 'veil of ignorance' when considering a scenario and will not know what identity they have within it. Only afterwards will their identities be revealed to them and they will then evaluate whether the solutions that they came up with behind the veil were really fair to all stakeholders.(iii) Problem-oriented deliberations focus on solving particular, real-life resilience challenges. At different stages during the planning process, the planners will be asked to reflect, with the help of a trained ethicist, on the ethical implications of their plan.The aims of these exercises will be to test different framework for inserting ethics into resilience planning in Cape Town; to draw lessons and best practices from that, which can be scaled up and implemented in similar LMIC contexts; to identify and co-produce knowledge about the ethical aspects of resilience planning; and to build capacity for taking into account ethics when deliberating on resilience within municipal and local institutions. The project will involve researchers at the University of Warwick and the University of Cape Town in collaboration with the City Climate Adaptation Team of Cape Town and the non-governmental organizations Practical Action and Christian Aid.