Recruitment and actions of the protein kinase ERK2 in transcription complexes at the serum response element

大多数动物是由许多细胞组成的，所有这些细胞都来自受精卵。当胚胎中的细胞一次又一次地分裂时，它们也会改变自己的特征(分化)，从而形成不同类型的细胞，形成肌肉、神经、骨骼、血液和动物体内的所有其他组织。细胞分裂和特化(或发育)的过程遵循动物遗传物质中包含的蓝图，即每个细胞核中的DNA。为了让细胞存活、分裂、分化甚至死亡，DNA中的信息必须被访问、解码并传输到细胞的其余部分，甚至传输到其他细胞，就像计算机要正常工作必须访问硬盘上的信息一样。DNA还必须被复制并传递给每个子细胞。这项研究计划解决了DNA中信息被获取的机制。这些信息被打包成称为基因的单位，人类细胞中约有3万个基因。基因是由称为RNA聚合酶的酶读取(转录)的，必须在正确的时间将这些酶带到每个基因，以便信息流得到协调。RNA聚合酶的控制依赖于其他被称为转录因子的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可以选择特定的基因，并对来自细胞内外的信号做出反应，激活(或抑制)它们。这是本文所述研究的基本过程。它专注于一种名为ELK-1的单一转录因子，以及通过细胞传输的信号如何激活并随后下调ELK-1，以打开和关闭一组基因。这是一个模型系统，从总体上我们已经了解了很多关于基因转录的知识，但ELK-1及其近亲在控制涉及细胞增殖和生存以及神经细胞功能的基因方面特别重要。通过继续研究ELK-1，我们希望有一天能从分子的角度确切地了解基因是如何调控的，以及ELK-1在学习和记忆过程中的作用。

Most animals are made up of many cells, all of which originate from a fertilised egg. As the cells in an embryo divide again and again they also change their characteristics (differentiate) so that different types of cells develop forming muscles, nerves, bones, blood and all the other tissues in the animal's body. The processes of cell division and specialisation (or development) follow blueprints contained in the animal's genetic material, the DNA in the nucleus of each cell. For cells to survive, to divide, to differentiate and even to die, information in the DNA has to be accessed, decoded and transmitted to the rest of the cell and even to other cells, rather like information on a hard disk has to be accessed for a computer to function properly. The DNA also has to be copied and passed on to each daughter cell. This research proposal addresses the mechanism by which information in the DNA is accessed. The information is packaged into units called genes of which there are about 30,000 in human cells. Genes are read (transcribed) by enzymes called RNA polymerases and these must be brought to each gene at the right time so that the flow of information is orchestrated. Control of RNA polymerases relies on other proteins called transcription factors that can select specific genes and activate them (or repress them) in response to signals from inside or outside the cell. This is the fundamental process to be studied in the research described here. It focuses on a single transcription factor called Elk-1 and how signals transmitted through the cell activate and later down-regulate Elk-1 to switch on and off a subset of genes. It is a model system from which we have already learnt much about gene transcription in general, but Elk-1 and its closest relatives are particularly important in the control of genes involved in cell proliferation and survival as well as in nerve cell functions. By continuing to study Elk-1 we hope to understand one day in molecular terms exactly how genes are regulated and also the contribution of Elk-1 to the processes of learning and memory.