Composition heterogeneity and dynamics of the eukaryotic translation machinery

细胞中的许多过程都是由大型机器完成的，这些机器是由细胞用复杂的部件组合而成的。如果我们遇到一台新机器，我们该如何理解它？首先，我们会弄清楚它是做什么的，然后，检查它的组成部分，最后，我们会尝试用一组等效的零件重新组装或建造我们自己的机器。如果我们想要制造更多的机器，我们就必须设计一个工厂，以确保所有的零件都是可用的。任何制造过程的设计都是复杂的——例如，如果我们知道要制造N台机器（“准时”原则），我们是否要确保有N套零件可用——如果其中一个零件的供应商无法交付怎么办？或者，我们设计一个工厂，我们总是有50N个零件可用，增加存储和制造成本（剩余库存）。我们是否回收这些多余的部件，或者将它们储存多年，使它们逐渐损坏或不适合使用？细胞面临着完全相同的挑战。在细胞中制造蛋白质的机器被称为核糖体，它利用基因中的蓝图来指挥蛋白质的合成。核糖体本身是一个高度复杂的机器，由蛋白质和RNA组成。我们的目标是描述与翻译机器相关的所有蛋白质的特征，计算每个部分（蛋白质）的数量，并计算出细胞如何平衡“及时”与“剩余部分”制造的成本和收益。我们将发现零件的制造速度有多快，剩余零件的回收程度有多高，甚至该细胞是否制造了针对不同用途和地点设计的机器变体（S， GT， GTL， GTE型号！）。通过了解这种复杂的机器是如何制造的，我们将开始了解细胞如何平衡反应的灵活性（在时间上，在机器类型方面）与质量控制，制造原则和能源成本。在细胞尺度上，制造业和汽车装配厂一样复杂。

Many processes in the cell are carried out by large machines, built by the cell from complex assortments of parts. If we encountered a new machine how would we understand it? First, we'd work out what it does, and then, examine the parts that it is made of, and finally, we'd try and reassemble or build our own machines from an equivalent set of parts. If we then wanted to build more machines, we would have to design a factory to make sure that all the parts were available. The design of any manufacturing process is complex - do we for example, make sure that N sets of parts are available if we know we are to build N machines ('just in time' principles) - what if the supplier of one of the parts fails to deliver? Or, do we design a factory where we have 50N parts always available, increasing storage and manufacturing costs (surplus stock). Do we recycle those surplus parts, or store them for years, so that they gradually become damaged or unfit for purpose? The cell faces exactly the same challenges. The machine that makes proteins in the cell is called the ribosome, which uses the blueprints in the genes to dictate the synthesis of proteins. The ribosome is itself a highly complex machine, made of proteins and RNA. Our goal is to characterise all the proteins associated with the translation machinery, calculate how many of each part (protein) there are, and work out how the cell balances the costs and benefits of 'just in time' against 'surplus part' manufacturing. We will discover how rapidly the parts can be made, the degree to which surplus parts are recycled, and even whether the cell makes variants of the machine (S, GT, GTL, GTE models!) that are designed for different uses and locations. By understanding how such complex machinery is made, we will begin to understand how the cell balances flexibility of response (in time, and in terms of types of machine) with quality control, manufacturing principles and energy costs. Manufacturing is as complex on the cellular scale as it is in a car assembly plant.