A Novel Control Systems Architecture for Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles

为了满足日益严格的环境法规的要求，国际汽车业正试图通过混合动力汽车(HEV)的市场引入和燃料电池汽车(FCV)的拟议引入来实现汽车技术水平的跨越式变化。然而，全球汽车市场的特点是竞争非常激烈，制造商必须不断推出新产品，同时减少开发时间和成本。因此，这些技术的长期可行性将在很大程度上取决于汽车行业设计、集成和测试不同动力总成概念的能力，其成本和时间框架与传统汽车相当。为了确定最具成本效益和最具创新性的动力总成结构，制造商正在同时研究不同的车辆概念。这些配置包括并联和串联混合动力配置，在这种配置中，内燃机和电机集成到车辆动力总成中。近年来，燃料电池单独运行或与二次能量存储介质(如高压电池或超级电容器)相结合的燃料电池受到了相当大的关注。无论车辆的确切配置如何，这种动力总成都可以被认为包含既可以源能又可以汇能或同时汇能和源能的通用子系统。这一观点转化为一系列通用的车辆控制目标；需要通过结合再生制动和车载能源管理来最大限度地减少车辆的净能源消耗，以及需要整合和管理动力总成中潜在的多个原动机。为了达到期望的车辆精细化、驾驶性能和油耗水平，往往需要分层控制方案。对复杂的能源管理和监督控制功能的需求，再加上这种车辆对线控技术的固有依赖，将进一步增加未来混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车的软件和控制系统内容。汽车行业内的传统模式是由汽车制造商将完整系统的开发外包给供应商。然后，车辆制造商充当系统集成商，将从不同供应商收到的子系统组合在一起。OEM必须确保通过耗时、昂贵和资源密集的测试和车辆校准计划来满足所需的产品质量和安全水平。减少开发时间、成本和风险的一种方法是能够在不同的车辆平台和衍生产品之间轻松交换控制和软件功能。本研究方案的主要目标是设计一种新的、通用的混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车控制体系结构，支持不同动力总成概念的轻松集成和评估。除了为系统集成提供灵活的开发环境外，新的控制架构还将解决对汽车行业至关重要的可靠性、健壮性和安全性等基本问题。汽车研究领域最近的一项主要技术发展是研究基于服务和面向对象的控制体系结构。拟议的新控制和系统集成架构的设计和验证将被用作展示如何采用基于面向对象原则的系统设计过程，以超越目前经常与许多燃料电池和混合动力汽车研究计划联系在一起的原型控制架构的最先进水平。

In order to satisfy the requirements of increasingly stringent environmental legislation, the international automotive industry is attempting to make a step-change in the level of vehicle technology with the market introduction of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and the proposed introduction of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). However, the global automotive market is characterised by very high levels of competition in which manufacturers must continually introduce new products while concurrently reducing development time and costs. As a result, the long term viability of these technologies will be largely dependent on the ability of the automotive industry to design, integrate and test the different powertrain concepts at a cost and within a time frame that is comparable to that associated with conventional vehicles. In order to ascertain the most cost-effective and innovative powertrain architecture manufacturers are concurrently investigating different vehicle concepts. These include both parallel and series hybrid electric configurations in which an internal combustion engine and electrical machine are integrated into the vehicles powertrain. In more recent years, considerable attention has been given to FCVs in which the fuel cell either operates in isolation or is combined with a secondary energy storage medium such as a high voltage battery or ultracapacitor.Irrespective of the exact configuration of the vehicle, such powertrains can be thought to contain generic subsystems that can either source energy, sink energy or both sink and source energy. This view translates to a number of generic vehicle control objectives; the need to minimise the vehicles net energy consumption through a combination of regenerative braking and on-board energy management and the need for integration and management of, potentially, multiple prime-movers within the powertrain. Hierarchical control schemes are often required in order to achieve the desired levels of vehicle refinement, driveability and fuel consumption.The need for complex energy management and supervisory control functions, coupled with such vehicles inherent dependency on by-wire technology will further increase the software and control system content of future hybrid and fuel cell vehicles. The traditional model within the automotive industry is for the vehicle manufacturer to outsource the development of a complete system to a supplier. The vehicle manufacturer then acts as the systems integrator, combining the subsystems that are received from the different suppliers. The OEM must ensure that the required levels of product quality and safety are met through a time-consuming, expensive and resource intensive programme of testing and vehicle calibration. One means of reducing the development time, costs and therefore risk, would be the ability to easily interchange control and software functions between the different vehicle platforms and derivatives.The primary aim of this research proposal is the design of a novel, generic, control architecture for HEVs and FCVs that supports the easy integration and evaluation of different powertrain concepts. In addition to providing a flexible development environment for systems integration, the new control architecture will also address the fundamental issues of reliability, robustness and safety that are of critical importance to the automotive industry. A major recent technological development within the automotive research domain is the study of service/based and object oriented control architectures. The design and validation of the proposed new control and systems integration architecture will be used as the basis for demonstrating how a systematic design process, based on the principles of object orientation, can be employed to progress the state-of-the-art beyond the current prototype control architectures that are often associated with many FCV and HEV research programmes.