Wire Array Z-Pinch Driven High Energy Density Physics Experiments

线阵列 Z 箍缩驱动的高能量密度物理实验

• 批准号: EP/E053661/1
• 负责人: Simon Bland
• 金额: $ 77.17万
• 依托单位: Imperial College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2007
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2007 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FE053661%2F1
• 关键词: Wire; Array; Pinch; Driven; Energy

High Energy Density Physics (HEDP) studies the behaviour of matter in extremes of temperature, density and pressure. Often this involves heating material to millions of degrees, or subjecting it to Mega-bars of pressure, increasing its density to many times beyond that normally encountered. HEDP is becoming increasingly important to both science and industry / for instance HEDP describes the behaviour of matter in the sun and planetary cores, whilst applications of HEDP include the manufacture of more refined integrated circuits, helping provide the year on year increase in computing power. Perhaps the greatest application of HEDP is yet to emerge: the creation of controlled nuclear fusion, providing a clean energy source of near unlimited reserves.Experiments continually push the boundaries of HEDP, exploring both the fundamental physics issues at its heart, and science that uses these phenomena as its basis. In order to expand the densities, temperatures and pressures available for HEDP studies some of the worlds largest scientific facilities are under construction, including lasers capable of delivering millions of joules of energy in billionths of a second. Further, in order to understand these experiments the worlds most powerful supercomputers are built.The facilities required to perform HEDP experiments are usually large and expensive to run, limiting access to university researchers. This proposal seeks to develop a new source for HEDP experiments that could examine phenomena complementary to those investigated at large facilities, in a system that can be scaled down to university laboratories. To achieve this large, fast rising currents (millions of amps being generated in fractions of a microsecond) will be applied to cylindrical arrangements of fine metallic wires, producing what is known as a wire array z-pinch. Initially the wires in an array gradually 'boil' into plasma*, whilst the magnetic field created around the wires sweeps the plasma towards the axis of the array. Accumulation of material from each of the wires at the axis results in the formation of a dense, stable 'precursor' plasma column with a temperature of millions of degrees. The wires continue to act as sources of plasma until the majority of their mass has been removed, triggering the start of the arrays 'implosion'. This sweeps up plasma on its way towards the axis, accelerating it to speeds in excess of 200kms-1 - at which point it has the same kinetic energy as a tank shell. Colliding with the precursor the implosion releases terrawatts (1000 000 000 000s of watts) of X-rays in a pulse lasting a fraction of a millionth of a second.This fellowship will focus on ways to use the plasma and X-ray pulse from an array to study HEDP phenomena. Measurements of the material in the precursor plasma column will be used to provide information on energy transport mechanisms in stars. The precursor will also be redirected out of the array into a hypersonic plasma jet, which will be impacted onto target materials, driving them unstable over extremely long times. This data will be compared to fluid models that determine processes including the efficiency of fusion reactions and the formation of nebulae. In a final set of experiments the implosion of an array will be focussed to a tight point rather than a long column, significantly increasing the already huge temperatures available to experimenters. All of this work will be in a basement of a university in South Kensington. * Plasma is the 4th state of matter after solids, liquids and gases. Heating a solid it melts into a liquid, then this boils into a gas. If we continue to heat a gas the electrons will aquire enough energy to leave their orbits around the gas nuclei; hence plasma is often referred to as an ionised gas. Like metals, plasmas can be excellent conductors, and are subject to magnetic and electrical forces.

高能量密度物理学（HEDP）研究物质在极端温度，密度和压力下的行为。这通常涉及将材料加热到数百万度，或使其承受兆巴的压力，使其密度增加到通常遇到的密度的许多倍。HEDP对科学和工业都变得越来越重要，例如HEDP描述了太阳和行星核心中物质的行为，而HEDP的应用包括制造更精细的集成电路，有助于提供逐年增加的计算能力。也许HEDP最伟大的应用还没有出现：可控核聚变的创造，提供了一种几乎无限储备的清洁能源。实验不断推动HEDP的边界，探索其核心的基本物理问题，以及以这些现象为基础的科学。为了扩大HEDP研究的密度、温度和压力，一些世界上最大的科学设施正在建设中，包括能够在十亿分之一秒内提供数百万焦耳能量的激光器。此外，为了理解这些实验，建造了世界上最强大的超级计算机。执行HEDP实验所需的设施通常很大，运行成本很高，限制了大学研究人员的访问。该提案旨在为HEDP实验开发一个新的来源，该实验可以在一个可以缩小到大学实验室的系统中研究与大型设施中研究的现象互补的现象。为了实现这个大的，快速上升的电流（在微秒的几分之一内产生数百万安培）将被施加到细金属线的圆柱形排列，产生所谓的线阵列z箍缩。最初，阵列中的导线逐渐“沸腾”成等离子体 *，同时导线周围产生的磁场将等离子体扫向阵列的轴。在轴处来自每个线的材料的积累导致形成具有数百万度的温度的致密、稳定的“前体”等离子体柱。这些金属丝继续充当等离子体的来源，直到它们的大部分质量被移除，触发阵列“内爆”的开始。这会将等离子体扫向轴心，使其加速到超过200 kms-1的速度，此时它具有与坦克外壳相同的动能。与前体碰撞时，内爆会在百万分之一秒的脉冲中释放出十亿瓦特（1000 000 000瓦特）的X射线。该奖学金将专注于如何使用来自阵列的等离子体和X射线脉冲来研究HEDP现象。对前体等离子体柱中物质的测量将用于提供有关恒星能量传输机制的信息。前体也将被重新引导出阵列，进入高超音速等离子体射流，这些射流将撞击到目标材料上，使它们在极长时间内不稳定。这些数据将与确定过程的流体模型进行比较，包括聚变反应的效率和星云的形成。在最后一组实验中，一个阵列的内爆将集中在一个紧点上，而不是一个长柱上，这将大大增加实验人员可以获得的已经很高的温度。所有这些工作都将在南肯辛顿一所大学的地下室进行。* 等离子体是物质的第四种状态，仅次于固体、液体和气体。加热固体，它熔化成液体，然后沸腾成气体。如果我们继续加热气体，电子将获得足够的能量离开它们围绕气体核的轨道;因此等离子体通常被称为电离气体。和金属一样，等离子体也可以是很好的导体，并且会受到磁力和电力的影响。

项目成果

Generation of episodic magnetically driven plasma jets in a radial foil Z-pinch

• DOI: 10.1063/1.3504221
• 发表时间: 2010-11
• 期刊: Physics of Plasmas
• 影响因子: 2.2
• 作者: F. Suzuki-Vidal;S. Lebedev;S. Bland;G. Hall;G. Swadling;A. Harvey-Thompson;J. Chittenden;A. Marocch

Characteristics of a molybdenum X-pinch X-ray source as a probe source for X-ray diffraction studies.

• DOI: 10.1063/1.4915496
• 发表时间: 2015-03
• 期刊: The Review of scientific instruments
• 作者: F. Zucchini;S. Bland;C. Chauvin;P. Combes;D. Sol;A. Loyen;B. Roques;J. Grunenwald

EPISODIC MAGNETIC BUBBLES AND JETS: ASTROPHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS FROM LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

• DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/691/2/l147
• 发表时间: 2008-11
• 期刊: The Astrophysical Journal
• 作者: Andrea Ciardi;S. Lebedev;A. Frank;F. Suzuki-Vidal;G. Hall;S. Bland;A. Harvey-Thompson;E. Blackman;M. M. L. D. Paris-M.;Lerma;France Imperial College;B. Laboratory;U. Rochester;D. Physics;Astronomy;Usa University of Heidelberg;Centre for Astronomy Heidelberg;Germany. Present address Ecole Normale Superieure;Laboratoire de Radioastronomie;France.

K-Edge Structure in Shock-Compressed Chlorinated Parylene

冲击压缩氯化聚对二甲苯中的 K 边缘结构

• DOI: 10.3390/atoms11100135
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Atoms
• 影响因子: 1.8
• 作者: Bailie D

Experimental Studies of Magnetically Driven Plasma Jets

磁驱动等离子射流的实验研究

• DOI: 10.1007/s10509-010-0543-3
• 发表时间: 2010
• 期刊: Astrophysics and Space Science
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Suzuki-Vidal F