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Pollutants in the Urban Environment: An Integrated Framework for Improving Sustainability of the Indoor Environment (PUrE Intrawise)

城市环境中的污染物：提高室内环境可持续性的综合框架（PUrE Intrawise）

基本信息

批准号：
EP/F007132/1
负责人：
Adisa Azapagic
金额：
$ 286.4万
依托单位：
University of Manchester
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FF007132%2F1
关键词：
Pollutants Urban Environment Integrated Framework

项目摘要

We spend some 90% of our time inside buildings where we control the quality of the environment for health, thermal comfort, security and productivity. The quality of the indoor environment is affected by many factors, including design of buildings, ventilation, thermal insulation and energy provision and use. Maintaining the quality of the environment in buildings can have considerable consequences on both local and global environment and on human health. In recent years, the air-tightness of buildings has become an issue, as part of a drive to provide thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. However, as dwellings are made more airtight, internal pollution sources can have a greater impact on the indoor air quality and occupants may experience adverse health effects unless ventilation is effective. On the other hand, ventilation can lead to ingress of outdoor air pollution; it also reduces energy efficiency of buildings, accounting for 25-30% of the total building energy use. Conversely, efforts aimed at the improvement of energy efficiency through better thermal insulation may affect adversely indoor air quality, e.g. through reduced ventilation and increased moisture content. The latter is the main cause of mould, the exposure to which is being increasingly linked to respiratory and other health problems. Further, burning fuels in micro-generation domestic appliances such as gas boilers and cookers can potentially be hazardous to the health of those in the dwelling or further afield. However, switching to other sources of energy such as biomass, photovoltaics, fuel cells etc., while reducing the impact on the indoor environment can, on a life cycle basis, cause environmental and health impacts elsewhere. Nevertheless, several Government reports have highlighted the importance of household micro-generation options as well as energy efficiency, given the imperatives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and widespread fuel poverty. The latter has been linked to Britain's large burden of cold-/winter-related deaths, which often exceed 30,000 per year. Poor indoor environmental quality in residential buildings, offices and schools has been related to increases in sick building syndrome symptoms, respiratory illnesses, sick leave and losses in productivity. Health effects can be immediate (e.g. irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness and fatigue) or can occur over a longer period of exposure to indoor pollutants (e.g. respiratory diseases, heart disease and cancer). A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that the air within homes and other buildings can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air in even the largest and most industrialised cities. Given that most people spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, their exposure to air pollutants is determined primarily by exposure indoors, particularly in their home. In order to contribute towards achieving a better quality of the indoor environment, this project proposes to study the environmental and health effects related to the generation, conservation and use of energy in buildings, with a particular focus on residential buildings. The main outputs from the project will be an integrated decision-support methodology and software tool for more sustainable management of indoor pollution. The framework will be applied to a number of case studies that will compare environmental, health and economic implications of the principal options for future home energy provision as an aid to policy development. Using a life cycle approach, the project will examine a range of sustainability issues, including environmental impacts (e.g. resource depletion, global warming, acidification, eco-toxicity etc.) and social issues (e.g. human health, comfort and well-being). The economic implications of different options will also be examined.

我们90%的时间都在建筑物内度过，在那里我们控制环境质量，以确保健康、热舒适度、安全性和生产力。室内环境的质量受许多因素影响，包括建筑物的设计、通风、隔热和能源供应和使用。保持建筑物的环境质量对当地和全球环境以及人类健康都有相当大的影响。近年来，建筑物的气密性已成为一个问题，作为提供热舒适性和降低能耗的驱动力的一部分。然而，随着住宅变得更加密封，内部污染源可能对室内空气质量产生更大的影响，除非通风有效，否则居住者可能会受到不利的健康影响。另一方面，通风会导致室外空气污染的进入;它还降低了建筑物的能源效率，占建筑物总能源使用量的25-30%。相反，通过更好的隔热来提高能源效率的努力可能会对室内空气质量产生不利影响，例如通过减少通风和增加水分含量。后者是霉菌的主要原因，接触霉菌越来越多地与呼吸道和其他健康问题有关。此外，在诸如燃气锅炉和炊具之类的微型家用电器中燃烧燃料可能对住宅中或更远的地方的人的健康有害。然而，转向其他能源，如生物质、光生物学、燃料电池等，虽然减少对室内环境的影响，但在生命周期的基础上，可能会对其他地方的环境和健康造成影响。然而，鉴于减少温室气体排放的必要性和普遍存在的燃料匮乏问题，一些政府报告强调了家庭微型发电选择以及能源效率的重要性。后者与英国每年超过3万人的寒冷/冬季相关死亡负担有关。住宅楼、办公室和学校的室内环境质量差与病态建筑综合症症状、呼吸道疾病、病假和生产力损失的增加有关。对健康的影响可能是立即的（例如眼睛、鼻子和喉咙的刺激、头痛、头晕和疲劳），也可能在较长时间内暴露于室内污染物（例如呼吸道疾病、心脏病和癌症）。越来越多的科学证据表明，即使在最大和最工业化的城市，家庭和其他建筑物内的空气也可能比室外空气污染更严重。鉴于大多数人大约90%的时间在室内度过，他们对空气污染物的暴露主要取决于室内的暴露，特别是在家中。为了促进实现更好的室内环境质量，该项目提议研究建筑物中能源的产生、保存和使用对环境和健康的影响，特别侧重于住宅建筑。该项目的主要产出将是一个综合决策支持方法和软件工具，用于更可持续地管理室内污染。该框架将应用于一些个案研究，这些研究将比较未来家庭能源供应的主要选择对环境、健康和经济的影响，以帮助制定政策。该项目将采用生命周期方法，审查一系列可持续性问题，包括环境影响（如资源枯竭、全球变暖、酸化、生态毒性等）。和社会问题（如人类健康、舒适和福祉）。还将研究不同方案的经济影响。