Energy Efficient Cities

由于英国80%的人口居住在城市地区，建筑和地面交通占英国能源需求的70%以上，因此提高城镇能源效率将带来巨大效益。城市是由众多相互联系的组成部分组成的综合系统：城市的密度与建筑类型有关；交通系统取决于城市建筑和绿地的性质；利用当地形式的发电（热电联产、生物质能、热泵、燃料电池、风能或太阳能）的机会取决于方向、建筑密度和形式；建筑物内自然通风的范围因外部风况而异，因此取决于城市环境；等等......。我们提出了一种综合的方法来研究减少城市能源需求的方法。目前在工程系、建筑系、化学系工作的一些员工。Eng。在剑桥大学，计算机实验室，JBS和BP研究所已经在相关领域工作，但更多的可以通过在精心选择和互补领域任命额外的讲师来实现。有了这样的临界质量，我们建议围绕节能城市的主题建立一个跨学科的研究计划。该计划将开发一种建筑、交通和分散发电的综合方法，将设计和技术与减少能源需求的具体目标结合起来，同时认识到影响城市中人类选择和行为的其他因素。这项研究将涉及城市设计和规划，以整合低能耗建筑和交通，开发可量化的系统级模型，以便对权衡进行评估。对建筑物和建筑群的能源性能的研究还处于起步阶段。很少有建筑物用适当的预测工具进行分析，甚至更少的建筑物在完工后进行监测和研究。因此，我们对实际发生的事情的理解存在重大差距。重点将放在发展节能建筑的新技术上。例如：可以改变建筑物热性能的新型材料和表面处理；优化建筑物内的传热和通风；传感器和智能计算机系统优化能源使用；从地源热泵到光伏屋顶和风力涡轮机，利用现场可用能源的技术。目前，建筑环境的很大一部分是围绕满足人们的移动需求而设计的。就目前而言，似乎可以肯定的是，城市居民将希望继续使用私人交通工具，但可能愿意接受更适合城市环境的更小、更轻的车辆。目前的车辆在加速、最高速度、尺寸和重量方面的性能远远超过了在城镇和城市中使用所必需的。这部分是由于消费者的偏好，部分是由于耐撞性，但后者可以通过城市规划和对其他道路交通的速度、大小和重量的限制来改变。在发动机极度小型化的情况下实现高效率的相关技术包括：提高涡轮增压器的性能；开发高强度、超轻质材料；传感器和智能计算机系统；改进的电动/混合动力汽车储能装置；楼宇与车辆供电一体化；同时也要注意车辆的一些部件（例如空调，目前空调在运行时可以占到20%的燃料消耗；轮胎，重新优化以减少滚动阻力和改善燃油消耗，而不是提高速度）。除了研究之外，另一项产出将是训练有素的人员，在减少能源短缺的重要领域建立英国的能力

Since 80% of the UK population lives in urban areas, and buildings and ground transportation account for over 70% of the demand for energy in the UK, there are large benefits to be had from improved energy efficiency in towns and cities. Cities are integrated systems composed of numerous components with interconnecting links: the density of the city is related to building type; the transport system depends on the nature of the buildings and the green spaces in the city; the opportunity to use local forms of power generation (combined heat and power, biomass, heat pumps, fuel cells, wind or solar power) is a function of orientation, building density and form; the scope for natural ventilation within buildings varies with external wind conditions and so depends on the urban environment; and so on. We propose an integrated approach to research ways of reducing the energy demand in cities. A number of current staff in the Departments of Engineering, Architecture, Chem. Eng., Computer Lab, JBS and BP Institute at the University of Cambridge already working in relevant areas, but more can be achieved by the appointment of additional lecturers in carefully chosen and complementary fields. With this critical mass, we propose to establish an interdisciplinary research initiative around the theme of energy efficient cities. The initiative will develop an integrated approach to buildings, transport and decentralised power generation, bringing together design and technologies with the specific goal of energy demand reduction, while recognising the other factors that affect human choices and behaviour within cities. The research would address urban design and planning to integrate low-energy buildings and transport, developing quantifiable systems level models so that trade-offs can be assessed. Research into the energy performance of buildings and groups of buildings is in its infancy. Very few buildings are analysed with appropriate prediction tools and even fewer are monitored and studied after completion. Thus there are major gaps in our understanding of what actually happens. Emphasis will be put on the development of novel technologies for energy efficient buildings. Examples include: novel materials and surface treatments that can change the thermal properties of buildings; optimisation of heat transfer through and ventilation flows in buildings; sensors and smart computer-based systems to optimise energy use; and technologies to exploit the energy available on the site from ground source heat pumps to photovoltaic roofs and wind turbines. A significant proportion of the built environment is currently designed around meeting people's mobility needs. For the time being it seems certain that urban residents will wish to continue to use private transport, but may be willing to accept smaller, lighter vehicles, better suited to the urban environment. The performance of current vehicles far exceeds that necessary for use in towns and cities in terms of acceleration, top speed, size and weight. This has been driven partly by customer preference, and partly by crash-worthiness, but the latter can be altered by urban planning and by restrictions on the speed, size and weight of other road traffic. Relevant technologies to achieving high efficiency with extreme engine downsizing include: enhancing the performance of turbochargers; development of strong, ultra-light weight materials; sensors and smart computer-based systems; improved energy storage devices for electric/hybrid vehicles; integration of building and vehicle power supply; and attention to some of the vehicle's sub-components (eg air-conditioning, which currently can account for 20% of the fuel consumption when operated; tyres, re-optimising for reduced rolling resistance and improved fuel burn rather than high speed). In addition to the research, another output will be trained people, building up the UK's capability in areas important for reducing energy dema