Energy Efficient Cities

节能城市

基本信息

批准号：
EP/F034350/1
负责人：
Lynn Gladden
金额：
$ 351.49万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FF034350%2F1
关键词：
Energy Efficient Cities

项目摘要

Since 80% of the UK population lives in urban areas, and buildings and ground transportation account for over 70% of the demand for energy in the UK, there are large benefits to be had from improved energy efficiency in towns and cities. Cities are integrated systems composed of numerous components with interconnecting links: the density of the city is related to building type; the transport system depends on the nature of the buildings and the green spaces in the city; the opportunity to use local forms of power generation (combined heat and power, biomass, heat pumps, fuel cells, wind or solar power) is a function of orientation, building density and form; the scope for natural ventilation within buildings varies with external wind conditions and so depends on the urban environment; and so on. We propose an integrated approach to research ways of reducing the energy demand in cities. A number of current staff in the Departments of Engineering, Architecture, Chem. Eng., Computer Lab, JBS and BP Institute at the University of Cambridge already working in relevant areas, but more can be achieved by the appointment of additional lecturers in carefully chosen and complementary fields. With this critical mass, we propose to establish an interdisciplinary research initiative around the theme of energy efficient cities. The initiative will develop an integrated approach to buildings, transport and decentralised power generation, bringing together design and technologies with the specific goal of energy demand reduction, while recognising the other factors that affect human choices and behaviour within cities. The research would address urban design and planning to integrate low-energy buildings and transport, developing quantifiable systems level models so that trade-offs can be assessed. Research into the energy performance of buildings and groups of buildings is in its infancy. Very few buildings are analysed with appropriate prediction tools and even fewer are monitored and studied after completion. Thus there are major gaps in our understanding of what actually happens. Emphasis will be put on the development of novel technologies for energy efficient buildings. Examples include: novel materials and surface treatments that can change the thermal properties of buildings; optimisation of heat transfer through and ventilation flows in buildings; sensors and smart computer-based systems to optimise energy use; and technologies to exploit the energy available on the site from ground source heat pumps to photovoltaic roofs and wind turbines. A significant proportion of the built environment is currently designed around meeting people's mobility needs. For the time being it seems certain that urban residents will wish to continue to use private transport, but may be willing to accept smaller, lighter vehicles, better suited to the urban environment. The performance of current vehicles far exceeds that necessary for use in towns and cities in terms of acceleration, top speed, size and weight. This has been driven partly by customer preference, and partly by crash-worthiness, but the latter can be altered by urban planning and by restrictions on the speed, size and weight of other road traffic. Relevant technologies to achieving high efficiency with extreme engine downsizing include: enhancing the performance of turbochargers; development of strong, ultra-light weight materials; sensors and smart computer-based systems; improved energy storage devices for electric/hybrid vehicles; integration of building and vehicle power supply; and attention to some of the vehicle's sub-components (eg air-conditioning, which currently can account for 20% of the fuel consumption when operated; tyres, re-optimising for reduced rolling resistance and improved fuel burn rather than high speed). In addition to the research, another output will be trained people, building up the UK's capability in areas important for reducing energy dema

由于英国80％的人口居住在城市地区，建筑物和地面运输占英国对能源需求需求的70％以上，因此城镇和城市的能源效率提高了。城市是由众多互连链接组成的集成系统组成的：城市的密度与建筑类型有关；运输系统取决于建筑物的性质和城市的绿色空间。使用本地形式的发电形式的机会（联合热量和动力，生物质，热泵，燃料电池，风能或太阳能）是方向，建筑密度和形式的函数；建筑物内自然通风的范围随外风条件而异，因此取决于城市环境。等等。我们提出了一种研究减少城市能源需求的方法的综合方法。工程，建筑，化学部门的许多现有员工。剑桥大学已经在相关领域工作的工程学，计算机实验室，JBS和BP研究所，但是通过在精心挑选和补充领域任命其他讲师可以实现更多。有了这个临界质量，我们建议建立围绕节能城市主题的跨学科研究计划。该倡议将开发一种综合方法，用于建筑物，运输和分散的发电，将设计和技术汇总为减少能源需求的具体目标，同时认识到影响城市内人类选择和行为的其他因素。这项研究将涉及城市设计和计划，以整合低能的建筑物和运输，开发可量化的系统级别模型，从而可以评估权衡。对建筑物和建筑物群体的能源性能的研究仍处于起步阶段。很少有建筑物使用适当的预测工具分析，完成后，对建筑物进行了调查和研究。因此，我们对实际发生的事情存在重大差距。将重点放在为节能建筑的新技术开发上。例子包括：可以改变建筑物的热特性的新型材料和表面处理；通过建筑物中的传热和通风流优化；传感器和基于计算机的智能系统以优化能源使用；以及利用从地面源热泵到光伏屋顶和风力涡轮机的现场可用能量的技术。目前，建筑环境中很大一部分是围绕满足人们的出行需求的设计。目前，似乎可以肯定的是，城市居民希望继续使用私人交通工具，但可能愿意接受较小，更轻松的车辆，更适合城市环境。在加速度，最高速度，尺寸和重量方面，当前车辆的性能远远超出了城镇和城市使用所必需的。这部分是由客户偏好驱动的，部分是由于城市规划以及对其他道路交通的速度，大小和重量的限制而改变的，但后者可以改变。通过极端发动机缩减实现高效率的相关技术包括：提高涡轮增压器的性能；开发强大的超轻质重量材料；传感器和基于计算机的智能系统；改善电/混合动力汽车的储能设备；建筑物和车辆电源的整合；并关注某些车辆的子组件（例如，空调，目前可以占操作时燃油消耗的20％；轮胎，重新提高降低滚动阻力和改善的燃油燃烧而不是高速）。除了研究外，还将培训另一个产量，建立英国在减少能源DEMA重要的领域的能力