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Energy Efficient Cities

节能城市

基本信息

批准号：
EP/F034350/1
负责人：
Lynn Gladden
金额：
$ 351.49万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FF034350%2F1
关键词：
Energy Efficient Cities

项目摘要

Since 80% of the UK population lives in urban areas, and buildings and ground transportation account for over 70% of the demand for energy in the UK, there are large benefits to be had from improved energy efficiency in towns and cities. Cities are integrated systems composed of numerous components with interconnecting links: the density of the city is related to building type; the transport system depends on the nature of the buildings and the green spaces in the city; the opportunity to use local forms of power generation (combined heat and power, biomass, heat pumps, fuel cells, wind or solar power) is a function of orientation, building density and form; the scope for natural ventilation within buildings varies with external wind conditions and so depends on the urban environment; and so on. We propose an integrated approach to research ways of reducing the energy demand in cities. A number of current staff in the Departments of Engineering, Architecture, Chem. Eng., Computer Lab, JBS and BP Institute at the University of Cambridge already working in relevant areas, but more can be achieved by the appointment of additional lecturers in carefully chosen and complementary fields. With this critical mass, we propose to establish an interdisciplinary research initiative around the theme of energy efficient cities. The initiative will develop an integrated approach to buildings, transport and decentralised power generation, bringing together design and technologies with the specific goal of energy demand reduction, while recognising the other factors that affect human choices and behaviour within cities. The research would address urban design and planning to integrate low-energy buildings and transport, developing quantifiable systems level models so that trade-offs can be assessed. Research into the energy performance of buildings and groups of buildings is in its infancy. Very few buildings are analysed with appropriate prediction tools and even fewer are monitored and studied after completion. Thus there are major gaps in our understanding of what actually happens. Emphasis will be put on the development of novel technologies for energy efficient buildings. Examples include: novel materials and surface treatments that can change the thermal properties of buildings; optimisation of heat transfer through and ventilation flows in buildings; sensors and smart computer-based systems to optimise energy use; and technologies to exploit the energy available on the site from ground source heat pumps to photovoltaic roofs and wind turbines. A significant proportion of the built environment is currently designed around meeting people's mobility needs. For the time being it seems certain that urban residents will wish to continue to use private transport, but may be willing to accept smaller, lighter vehicles, better suited to the urban environment. The performance of current vehicles far exceeds that necessary for use in towns and cities in terms of acceleration, top speed, size and weight. This has been driven partly by customer preference, and partly by crash-worthiness, but the latter can be altered by urban planning and by restrictions on the speed, size and weight of other road traffic. Relevant technologies to achieving high efficiency with extreme engine downsizing include: enhancing the performance of turbochargers; development of strong, ultra-light weight materials; sensors and smart computer-based systems; improved energy storage devices for electric/hybrid vehicles; integration of building and vehicle power supply; and attention to some of the vehicle's sub-components (eg air-conditioning, which currently can account for 20% of the fuel consumption when operated; tyres, re-optimising for reduced rolling resistance and improved fuel burn rather than high speed). In addition to the research, another output will be trained people, building up the UK's capability in areas important for reducing energy dema

由于英国 80% 的人口居住在城市地区，而建筑物和地面交通占英国能源需求的 70% 以上，因此提高城镇能源效率可带来巨大效益。城市是由众多相互联系的组成部分组成的综合系统：城市的密度与建筑类型有关；交通系统取决于城市建筑物和绿地的性质；使用当地发电方式（热电联产、生物质能、热泵、燃料电池、风能或太阳能）的机会取决于朝向、建筑密度和形式；建筑物内自然通风的范围随外部风力条件而变化，因此取决于城市环境；等等。我们提出了一种综合方法来研究减少城市能源需求的方法。工程系、建筑系、化学系现有多名工作人员。剑桥大学的工程师、计算机实验室、JBS 和 BP 研究所已经在相关领域开展工作，但通过在精心挑选的互补领域任命额外的讲师可以取得更多成果。有了这个临界点，我们建议围绕节能城市主题建立一个跨学科研究计划。该倡议将开发一种针对建筑、交通和分散式发电的综合方法，将设计和技术与减少能源需求的具体目标结合起来，同时认识到影响城市内人类选择和行为的其他因素。该研究将解决城市设计和规划，以整合低能耗建筑和交通，开发可量化的系统级模型，以便评估权衡。对建筑物和建筑物群的能源性能的研究还处于起步阶段。很少有建筑物使用适当的预测工具进行分析，而在竣工后进行监测和研究的建筑物则更少。因此，我们对实际发生的情况的理解存在重大差距。重点将放在节能建筑新技术的开发上。例子包括：可以改变建筑物热性能的新型材料和表面处理；优化建筑物内的传热和通风流程；传感器和智能计算机系统，以优化能源使用；以及利用现场可用能源的技术，从地源热泵到光伏屋顶和风力涡轮机。目前，建筑环境的很大一部分是围绕满足人们的移动需求而设计的。目前看来，城市居民似乎肯定希望继续使用私人交通工具，但可能愿意接受更小、更轻、更适合城市环境的车辆。当前车辆的性能在加速度、最高速度、尺寸和重量方面远远超过了城镇使用所需的性能。这部分是由客户偏好驱动的，部分是由耐撞性驱动的，但后者可以通过城市规划以及对其他道路交通的速度、大小和重量的限制来改变。通过大幅缩小发动机尺寸来实现高效率的相关技术包括：增强涡轮增压器的性能；开发坚固、超轻的材料；传感器和智能计算机系统；改进电动/混合动力汽车的储能装置；楼宇与车辆供电一体化；并关注车辆的一些子部件（例如空调，目前在运行时可占燃油消耗的 20%；轮胎，重新优化以降低滚动阻力并改善燃油燃烧而不是高速）。除了研究之外，另一项成果将是培训人员，增强英国在减少能源需求的重要领域的能力