Gender Development in Early Adolescence: Prenatal Hormones & Family Socialization

性很重要。生下来是男孩还是女孩，对健康和疾病都有影响。尽管 相当大的兴趣在发展和维护性相关的过程中，有 我们提出要解决的文献中的明显空白。我们将研究 生物学倾向和社会经验之间的关系塑造了性别发展， 青春期过渡;与性有关的特征在这个时候增加的重要性，长期 机会、选择和健康的后果。采取生物心理社会 我们将研究120名暴露于不同水平雄激素的女孩的家庭社会化 由于先天性肾上腺皮质增生症（CAH），我们将比较 将它们分配给之前评估过的150名典型女孩。目的是：（a）说明如何 性别特征（身份、兴趣、个人社会属性、态度、活动） 与家庭社会化有关，以及这种联系如何受到产前激素水平的调节 （B）研究性别发展的影响因素， 与心理健康有关（自我概念和内化和外化问题）。 11-13岁的女孩将接受采访，了解她们的性别特征，心理健康， 以及与父母的关系;他们将通过唾液提供DNA，用于分析基因突变， 导致CAH的基因（反映雄激素暴露的程度）。期间七次电话随访 在电话中，女孩们会描述她们当天的活动和同伴。家长会提供 通过问卷调查和报告，了解他们的性别社会化， 关于他们自己的性别特征和活动，期望和信仰的电话 他们的女儿，他们的孩子的性别活动的管理，并在父母的温暖 关系作为一个自然的实验，患有CAH的女孩提供了一个放大的正常 发展过程;结合女孩与CAH和典型的女孩产生一个样本， 激素暴露和家庭社会化的变化，以及足够的统计能力， 假设检验这项工作对公共卫生产生了影响，显示了性别对健康的重要性。 行为和健康，以及生物倾向如何影响社会化经验。这 信息可以导致采取干预措施，改善身心健康。数据也将有助于 处理出生时生殖器不清的儿童和性别焦虑的儿童。

Sex matters. Being born a girl or boy carries implications for health and illness. Despite considerable interest in the development and maintenance of sex-related processes, there are noticeable gaps in the literature that we propose to address. We will study how the interplay between biological predispositions and social experiences shapes gender development at the adolescent transition; sex-related characteristics increase in importance at this time, with longterm consequences for opportunities, choices, and health. Taking a biopsychosocial perspective, we will study family socialization in 120 girls exposed to varying levels of androgen during prenatal development owing to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH); we will compare them to a previously-assessed group of 150 typical girls. The aims are: (a) to chart how gendered characteristics (identity, interests, personal-social attributes, attitudes, activities) are linked to family socialization and how the links are moderated by degree of prenatal hormone exposure and by parent-child relationship quality; and (b) to examine how gender development is linked to psychological health (self-concept and internalizing and externalizing problems). Girls aged 11-13 will be interviewed about their gendered characteristics, psychological health, and relationships with their parents; they will provide DNA via saliva for analysis of mutations in the gene causing CAH (reflecting degree of androgen exposure). During seven follow-up phone calls, girls will describe their gendered activities and companions that day. Parents will provide information about their gender socialization through questionnaires and reports during four phone calls about their own gendered characteristics and activities, expectations and beliefs for their daughter, management of their child’s gendered activities, and about warmth in the parentchild relationship. As a natural experiment, girls with CAH provide a magnification of normal developmental processes; combining girls with CAH and typical girls yields a sample with variation in both hormone exposure and family socialization, and sufficient statistical power for hypothesis-testing. The work has public health impact, showing how gender matters for behavior and health, and how biological predispositions affect socialization experiences. This information can lead to interventions to improve mental and physical health. Data also will aid in management of children born with ambiguous genitalia and children with gender dysphoria.