Development of Recollection and Familiarity

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的总体目标是通过视觉配对比较（VPC）来研究熟悉度和回忆对婴儿视觉识别记忆发展的相对贡献。尽管VPC已经被广泛用于研究婴儿的记忆，但在解释这项研究的结果时，一个关键的区别被忽视了：有意识的回忆和熟悉程度的评估之间的区别。回忆涉及对先前遇到的事物的上下文的定性信息的检索，并且被认为主要依赖于海马体。另一方面，熟悉度涉及对研究和测试项目之间的整体相似性的评估，这似乎是由周围皮层和高级视觉关联区介导的。回忆和熟悉度在多大程度上促进了婴儿视觉识别记忆是当前研究的重点，对我们理解婴儿的记忆发育和大脑发育至关重要。正在测试的假设是：(a)熟悉度对婴儿视觉识别记忆的贡献要早于回忆的发展，(b)回忆直到出生后第二年的某个时候才会出现。为了验证这些假设，我们将研究已知的分离成人回忆和熟悉的操作对婴儿在VPC中的表现的影响。本应用程序的具体目的是：(1)检查回忆对婴儿视觉识别记忆的贡献。9个月、12个月、18个月和24个月的婴儿将接受两个版本的VPC测试：一个是熟悉物体的方向从熟悉到测试保持不变（相同方向条件），另一个是在测试时呈现熟悉物体的镜像反转（镜像反射条件）。如果回忆有助于婴儿在VPC中的表现，那么研究测试中反思的变化应该会破坏婴儿在VPC中的识别记忆。(2)研究熟悉度对婴儿视觉识别记忆的贡献。9个月、12个月、18个月和24个月大的婴儿将在两个版本的VPC中进行测试：一个是在每个测试试验之前都有一个熟悉物体的隐藏呈现（相同启动条件），另一个是在测试试验之前有一个不熟悉的物体的隐藏呈现（不同启动条件）。如果熟悉度有助于婴儿在VPC中的识别记忆，那么简短的熟悉对象的测试前展示应该有助于婴儿在VPC中的表现。这里提出的工作是一个长期计划的第一步，系统地检查婴儿回忆和熟悉的电生理相关性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overall goal of the proposed research is to investigate the relative contributions of familiarity and recollection to the development of visual recognition memory in infants as assessed by the visual-paired comparison (VPC). Despite the extent to which the VPC has been used to study memory in infants, a key distinction has been overlooked in interpreting results of this research: that between conscious recollection and assessments of familiarity. Recollection involves the retrieval of qualitative information about the context in which an item was previously encountered, and is thought to depend critically on the hippocampus. Familiarity, on the other hand, involves the assessment of global similarities between study and test items that appears to be mediated by perirhinal cortex and high-level visual association areas. The extent to which recollection and familiarity contribute to visual recognition memory in infants is a key focus of the present research, and is critical to our understanding of both memory development and brain development in infants. The hypotheses being tested are that (a) familiarity contributes to infant visual recognition memory earlier in development than recollection, and (b) recollection does not emerge until sometime during the second year of life. To test these hypotheses, we will examine the effects of manipulations known to dissociate recollection and familiarity in adults on infants' performance in the VPC. The specific aims of this application are to: (1) Examine the contribution of recollection to infant visual recognition memory. Separate groups of 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old infants will be tested in two versions of the VPC: one in which the orientation of the familiar object stays the same from familiarization to test (same- orientation condition), and another in which a mirror-inversion of the familiar object is presented at test (mirror-reflection condition). If recollection contributes to infants' performance in the VPC, then study-test changes in reflection should disrupt infants' recognition memory in the VPC. (2) Examine the contribution of familiarity to infant visual recognition memory. Separate groups of 9-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old infants will be tested in two versions of the VPC: one in which each test trial is preceded by a masked presentation of the familiar object (same-prime condition), and another in which test trials are preceded by a masked presentation of an unfamiliar object (different-prime condition). If familiarity contributes to infants' recognition memory in the VPC, then brief pre-test presentations of the familiar object should facilitate infants' performance in the VPC. The work proposed here is the first step in a long-term plan to systematically examine the electrophysiological correlates of recollection and familiarity in infants. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The outcome of the proposed research will provide important new information about memory development in typically developing infants. This knowledge could dramatically change the way we think about infant cognition, and will ultimately help us understand how disruptions in the development of brain systems involved in learning and memory may give rise to developmental disorders.