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Natural and sexual selection in a wild insect population

野生昆虫种群的自然选择和性选择

基本信息

批准号：
NE/E005403/1
负责人：
Tom Tregenza
金额：
$ 47.58万
依托单位：
UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FE005403%2F1
关键词：
Natural sexual selection wild insect

项目摘要

To understand why animal populations change in size and distribution and why individuals behave as they do, it is essential to understand how evolution occurs. Over the past few decades a real success story in the study of ecology has been the long-term studies of mammals and birds where it has been possible to follow individuals and their offspring and their offspring's offspring and so on. The ability to measure individual success in passing on their genes has enabled researchers to address questions about how particular traits affect reproductive success and hence drive evolution. For instance, studies of Darwin's finches have been able to demonstrate evolution occurring because particular beak shapes are beneficial under particular climatic conditions. We propose to add a completely new field system to the handful of mammals and birds which have thus far been thoroughly studied in nature. We will use a network of digital video cameras and microphones to monitor a population of individually marked field crickets in a Spanish meadow. Crickets have been well studied in the laboratory, revealing that they have complex forms of sexual selection whereby females choose between males according to their songs, males fight, females manipulate sperm from several males to favour unrelated males and so forth. However, although we now have many insights into the behaviour and physiology of crickets in the laboratory, we have almost no idea how important these various aspects are in the real world. This discrepancy is a source for concern: Laboratory situations remove some sources of selection that may be very important in wild populations and may create new pressures; for instance, it may be that males that sing louder get more mates in the lab, but in the field such males may be more likely to be eaten by birds. These issues with crickets are shared with almost all other model systems: without exception the species that are well studied in the field are too difficult to study in the lab (e.g. Red Deer, Great Tits), and the species that are well studied in the lab are poorly studied in the field (e.g. Fruit Flies, Stalk Eyed Flies). What is desperately needed is a system that bridges this divide. Advances in technology mean that such a study is now possible. We propose to use 80 cameras to monitor the majority of activity occurring in a small population of crickets: who mates with whom, who wins fights, how much each males sings, how long individuals live and so on. This will be combined with DNA sampling of every adult in the population which will allow us to work out how many offspring each individual leaves in the next generation of adults. Simulations based on our genetic markers show that our pedigree will be at least as reliable as those used in the text-book studies of large vertebrates. The combination of monitoring and parentage assignment will allow us to address some key questions in evolutionary ecology: 1. Do males depend more on their ability to get matings than their ability to survive? 2. Do males vary more in their reproductive success than females? 3. Is male mating success due to them being attractive to females or good at fighting with other males? 4. Do males that devote a lot of effort to getting matings pay a price in terms of shorter lifespan? 5. Do females that mate with attractive males have healthier or more attractive offspring? 6. Are there some genes that are beneficial for one sex but detrimental to the other? 7. Do lab based estimates of the inheritance of traits match estimates made in the field? 8. Do related insects ever meet and if they do, do they mate with one another? Answering these questions in crickets will provide insights across species and provide crucial insights into the validity of a central paradigm of modern biology which is that we can do behavioural ecology in the lab.

要理解为什么动物种群的大小和分布会发生变化，为什么个体会有这样的行为，就必须理解进化是如何发生的。在过去的几十年里，生态学研究的一个真实的成功案例是对哺乳动物和鸟类的长期研究，在这些研究中，可以跟踪个体及其后代以及后代的后代等等。测量个体在遗传基因方面的成功程度的能力，使研究人员能够解决特定性状如何影响繁殖成功并因此推动进化的问题。例如，对达尔文雀的研究已经能够证明进化的发生是因为特定的喙形状在特定的气候条件下是有益的。我们建议为迄今为止在自然界中已被彻底研究的少数哺乳动物和鸟类增加一个全新的领域系统。我们将使用一个数字摄像机和麦克风网络来监控西班牙草地上的一群单独标记的田野蟋蟀。蟋蟀在实验室里已经得到了很好的研究，揭示了它们有复杂的性选择形式，雌性根据它们的歌声在雄性之间进行选择，雄性打架，雌性操纵几个雄性的精子以支持无关的雄性等等。但是，尽管我们现在在实验室中对蟋蟀的行为和生理有了许多见解，但我们几乎不知道这些各个方面在真实的世界中有多重要。这种差异令人担忧：实验室的情况消除了一些在野生种群中可能非常重要的选择来源，并可能产生新的压力;例如，在实验室中，唱歌更响亮的雄性可能会得到更多的配偶，但在野外，这样的雄性可能更有可能被鸟类吃掉。蟋蟀的这些问题与几乎所有其他模型系统相同：无一例外，在野外研究得很好的物种在实验室中很难研究（例如红鹿，大山雀），而在实验室中研究得很好的物种在野外研究得很差（例如果蝇，茎眼蝇）。迫切需要的是一个弥合这一鸿沟的制度。技术的进步意味着这样的研究现在是可能的。我们计划使用80个摄像头来监控蟋蟀的大部分活动：谁和谁交配，谁赢得了战斗，每个雄性蟋蟀唱了多少歌，个体活了多久等等。这将与种群中每个成年蟋蟀的DNA采样相结合，这将使我们能够计算出每个个体在下一代成年蟋蟀中留下多少后代。根据我们的遗传标记进行的模拟表明，我们的谱系至少与教科书中大型脊椎动物研究中使用的谱系一样可靠。监测和亲子鉴定的结合将使我们能够解决进化生态学中的一些关键问题：1。雄性是否更依赖于它们交配的能力而不是生存的能力？2.雄性在繁殖成功率上的差异比雌性大吗？3.雄性交配成功是因为它们对雌性有吸引力还是善于与其他雄性争斗？4.付出大量努力寻找配偶的雄性是否会在寿命缩短方面付出代价？5.与有吸引力的雄性交配的雌性会有更健康或更有吸引力的后代吗？6.是否有一些基因对一种性别有益，但对另一种性别有害？7.基于实验室对性状遗传的估计是否与实地估计相匹配？8.难道，他们是一群人吗？在蟋蟀身上研究这些问题将提供跨物种的见解，并为现代生物学的中心范式的有效性提供重要的见解，即我们可以在实验室中进行行为生态学。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Comparing pre- and post-copulatory mate competition using social network analysis in wild crickets.

DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arv236
发表时间：
2016-05
期刊：
Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology
影响因子：
0
作者：
Fisher DN;Rodríguez-Muñoz R;Tregenza T
通讯作者：
Tregenza T

EB Ford revisited: assessing the long-term stability of wing-spot patterns and population genetic structure of the meadow brown butterfly on the Isles of Scilly.

DOI：
10.1038/hdy.2016.94
发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
Heredity
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Baxter SW;Hoffman JI;Tregenza T;Wedell N;Hosken DJ
通讯作者：
Hosken DJ

Dynamics of among-individual behavioral variation over adult lifespan in a wild insect.

DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arv048
发表时间：
2015-07
期刊：
Behavioral ecology : official journal of the International Society for Behavioral Ecology
影响因子：
0
作者：
Fisher DN;David M;Tregenza T;Rodríguez-Muñoz R
通讯作者：
Rodríguez-Muñoz R

Wild cricket social networks show stability across generations.