Development of genetically encoded neural tracers for electron microscopy

用于电子显微镜的基因编码神经示踪剂的开发

• 批准号: 8176619
• 负责人: LINNAEA E OSTROFF
• 金额: $ 22.9万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-09-06 至 2013-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8176619
• 关键词: Adult; Amygdaloid structure; Architecture; Area; Axon; Behavioral; Binding; Brain; Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; Cell Density; Cell membrane; Cells; Characteristics; Cytoskeleton; Data; Dendrites; Dependovirus; Destinations; Detergents; Development; Electron Microscopy; Functional disorder; Gene Expression; Genes; Goals; Horseradish Peroxidase; Immediate-Early Genes; Infection; Injection of therapeutic agent; Label; Lateral; Learning; Light; Literature; Maps; Membrane; Methods; Microscopic; Morphology; Neuroanatomy; Neurobiology; Neurons; Neurosciences; Organelles; Output; Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin; Proteins; Rattus; Reporter Genes; Research; Site; Specificity; Structure; Synapses; System; Temporal Lobe; Testing; Tissue Preservation; Tissues; Tracer; Training; Transfection; Travel; Viral; Viral Vector; Virus; Work; brain cell; calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; conditioned fear; excitatory neuron; experience; in vivo; interest; light microscopy; nervous system disorder; neural circuit; neuronal cell body; novel; prevent; promoter; relating to nervous system; research study; response; retrograde transport; success; tool; uptake

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The connections between neurons compose the basic structure of the brain, through which all of its functions are expressed. Mapping and characterizing these connections is fundamental to neuroscience, as no brain system can be understood if its architecture is unknown. Neuroanatomical tracers have been used for decades to reveal connectivity in much of the brain, but the information they provide is limited. Tracers are compounds which are transported along axons and allow their origin, destination, or both to be visualized. It is difficult to control the specificity of existing tracers, which leads to inconsistent and unreliable results. To accurately map connectivity, the existence of synaptic connections between identified neurons must be verified at the electron microscopy (EM) level. Furthermore, EM studies of synapse morphology should ideally be carried out on labeled connections. The few existing tracers that are compatible with EM are not compatible with morphological studies due to severely compromised ultrastructure. We have conducted extensive morphological and neuroanatomical tracer studies at the EM level on our system of interest, the adult rat lateral amygdala. We propose to develop novel tracers which will label specific cells for light microscopy and EM while preserving high quality ultrastructure for morphological studies. Using a viral vector, we will express a membrane-targeted form of the EM label horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in adult rat neurons. Unlike current tracers, HRP can be visualized without subjecting tissue to detergents which damage EM ultrastructure. This allows good preservation of tissue morphology, while restricting the HRP to the membrane prevents the label from obscuring any cellular organelles. We will place the membrane-bound HRP gene under the control of one of two different promoters. The first, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promoter, will restrict expression of the label to excitatory neurons. Combined with the fact that viral transfection is restricted to cell bodies (which conventional tracer uptake is not), this will be the most spatially and functionally specific tracer available. The second promoter will be from the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein Arc, which is expressed in response to strong synaptic activation and behavioral experience. This will allow identification of the axons and dendrites of cells activated during learning and plasticity experiments such that their synapses can be specifically examined. The tools we propose to create will have a broad range of applications in neuroanatomy, neurobiology, and plasticity studies throughout the brain. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Mapping and characterizing the connectivity between brain cells is fundamental to understanding how the brain works. Many neurological diseases involve dysfunction of particular brain circuits or connections, and it is essential to elucidate and examine these connections in both normal and diseased brains. The goal of this project is to develop novel tools to map neural connections and visualize them clearly at the microscopic level.

描述（由申请人提供）：神经元之间的连接构成了大脑的基本结构，通过它表达了所有功能。 映射和表征这些连接是神经科学的基础，因为如果不知道其结构，就无法理解任何大脑系统。 几十年来，神经解剖示踪剂一直被用来揭示大脑大部分区域的连通性，但它们提供的信息有限。 示踪剂是沿着轴突运输的化合物，并允许它们的起源、目的地或两者被可视化。 现有示踪剂的特异性难以控制，导致结果不一致和不可靠。 为了准确地映射连接性，必须在电子显微镜（EM）水平上验证已识别神经元之间突触连接的存在。 此外，突触形态学的EM研究应该理想地在标记的连接上进行。 与EM兼容的少数现有示踪剂由于严重损害超微结构而与形态学研究不兼容。 我们已经进行了广泛的形态学和神经解剖示踪剂的研究，在EM水平上，我们的系统的利益，成年大鼠外侧杏仁核。 我们建议开发新的示踪剂，将标记特定的细胞，光学显微镜和EM，同时保留高品质的超微结构形态学研究。 使用病毒载体，我们将在成年大鼠神经元中表达EM标记辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）的膜靶向形式。 与目前的示踪剂不同，HRP可以在不使组织经受破坏EM超微结构的洗涤剂的情况下可视化。 这允许组织形态的良好保存，同时将HRP限制在膜上防止标记物遮蔽任何细胞器。 我们将膜结合HRP基因置于两种不同启动子之一的控制下。 第一，钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶II启动子，将限制兴奋性神经元的标签的表达。 结合病毒转染仅限于细胞体（常规示踪剂摄取不是）的事实，这将是可用的最具空间和功能特异性的示踪剂。 第二个启动子将来自活性调节的细胞因子相关蛋白Arc，其响应于强突触激活和行为体验而表达。 这将允许识别在学习和可塑性实验期间激活的细胞的轴突和树突，以便可以特异性地检查它们的突触。 我们建议创建的工具将在整个大脑的神经解剖学，神经生物学和可塑性研究中具有广泛的应用。 公共卫生相关性：绘制和表征脑细胞之间的连接是理解大脑如何工作的基础。 许多神经系统疾病涉及特定脑回路或连接的功能障碍，并且在正常和患病的大脑中阐明和检查这些连接是至关重要的。 该项目的目标是开发新的工具来映射神经连接，并在微观水平上清晰地可视化它们。