Genetic cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities to depression in youth

描述（由申请人提供）：已确定抑郁症发展的三个阶段：（1）儿童期患病率低（1- 2%），（2）总体患病率低，但在青春期早期出现性别差异，（3）青春期中后期患病率急剧上升（从3-17%）。重要的是要研究在这些不同阶段发展抑郁症的脆弱性，以便为这一重大的公共卫生问题创建更有针对性的发展敏感的治疗/预防计划。本研究旨在探讨遗传、认知和人际脆弱性因素如何在脆弱性-压力框架内共同作用于抑郁症的各个阶段。更具体地说，我们试图研究（1）认知和人际关系脆弱性何时以及如何稳定为与压力相互作用的特质样风险，以预测抑郁症，（2）遗传，认知和人际关系脆弱性如何单独和与压力相互作用，解释为什么更多的女孩比男孩在青春期早期抑郁，以及（3）遗传，认知，和人际脆弱性相互关联，并与压力相互作用，以预测在青春期中后期抑郁症的急剧上升。这种多波多方法（问卷调查，临床访谈，行为任务，抽血），多信息者（青年，母亲，临床医生）前瞻性研究将（1）探索抑郁症的心理社会脆弱性何时稳定和（2）测试以下假设：抑郁症的遗传，认知和人际脆弱性因素与整个青春期越来越多的压力源相互作用，特别是对女孩来说，预测青春期早期抑郁症患病率的性别差异的出现以及青春期中期抑郁症的急剧增加。为了在这个综合能力-压力框架内检查这些阶段中每个阶段的抑郁症原因，我们将使用加速纵向，交叉顺序设计来跟踪3年级，6年级和9年级学生及其母亲（每个队列中n=250名青年和250名母亲），经过初步实验室评估，每3个月持续3年（12次随访评估）。将使用多水平生长曲线建模来检验假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Three phases in the development of depression have been identified: (1) low prevalence in childhood (1- 2%), (2) low overall prevalence but emergence of a sex difference in early adolescence, and (3) a dramatic rise in prevalence in middle to late adolescence (from 3-17%). It is essential to study vulnerabilities for developing depression in these different phases so that more focused developmentally sensitive treatment / prevention programs may be created for this significant public health concern. This study aims to examine how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerability factors work together to contribute to depression within a vulnerability- stress framework during each of these phases. More specifically we seek to study (1) when and how cognitive and interpersonal vulnerabilities stabilize into trait-like risks that interact with stress to predict depression, (2) how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerabilities, alone and in interaction with stress, explain why more girls become depressed than boys in early adolescence, and (3) how genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerabilities relate to each other and interact with stress to predict the dramatic surge in depression in middle to late adolescence. This multi-wave, multi-method (questionnaire, clinical interviews, behavioral tasks, blood draws), multi- informant (youth, mother, clinician) prospective study will (1) explore when psychosocial vulnerabilities to depression stabilize and (2) test the hypotheses that genetic, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerability factors to depression interact with an increasing number of stressors throughout adolescence, particularly for girls, to predict the emergence of sex differences in the prevalence of depression in early adolescence and the dramatic increase in depression during middle adolescence. To examine causes of depression in each of these phases within this integrative vulnerability-stress framework, we will use an accelerated longitudinal, cross-sequential design to follow 3rd, 6th, and 9th graders and their mothers (n=250 youth and 250 mothers in each cohort), after an initial lab assessment, every 3 months for 3 years (12 follow-up assessments). Multilevel growth curve modeling will be used to test hypotheses.