Economic Explanations for Gender Differences in Biomedical Careers

生物医学职业中性别差异的经济学解释

• 批准号: 8122180
• 负责人: Donna K. Ginther
• 金额: $ 30.56万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LAWRENCE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-09-15 至 2013-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8122180
• 关键词: Academia; Address; Affect; Area; Award; Biomedical Research; Characteristics; Child; Country; Data; Data Analyses; Data Set; Databases; Doctor of Philosophy; Economics; Education; Engineering; Ensure; Environment; Face; Faculty; Family Characteristics; Financial compensation; Funding; Gender; Government; Grant; Health; Individual; Institutes; Learning; Legal patent; Longitudinal Surveys; Marketing; Measures; Methods; Modeling; Natural experiment; Occupations; Outcome; Persons; Phase; Pilot Projects; Policy Research; Postdoctoral Fellow; Principal Investigator; Probability; Process; Productivity; Public Health; Publications; Published Comment; Research; Research Personnel; Research Proposals; Resources; Rewards; Science; Scientist; Sex Characteristics; Societies; Staging; Surveys; Techniques; Time; United States National Institutes of Health; Universities; Update; Wages; Woman; Work; career; falls; interest; men; phase 1 study; professor; research study; tool

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Several studies detail the under-representation of women in academic science, but there is no comprehensive analytical work on career progression within biomedical science alone. Previous research conducted by the Principal Investigators on science careers (Ginther and Kahn 2004, 2009) shows that women face very different challenges depending on their field of specialization, suggesting that researchers cannot safely apply the lessons learned from studies about "science" to the special case of biomedical science. New research is required to understand the special case of gender differences in biomedical careers. This study proposes to extend prior work by Ginther and Kahn on gender differences in academic science careers (Ginther and Kahn 2009) to the field of biomedical science. Gender differences in the likelihood of transitioning from PhD into academic jobs, the likelihood of tenure and promotion, and the financial rewards including both pay and grants will be examined. This research will make four major contributions to the study of gender differences in academic careers in biomedical science. First, the entire career trajectory will be measured, from doctorate to full professor, identifying those factors correlated with gender differences at every stage of career progression. Second, productivity measures will be examined including publications, citations and patents to explain the gender gap. Third, this work will evaluate the causal impact of NIH funding on gender differences in career outcomes. Fourth, the causal impact of changes in the labor market environment will be investigated, including the rise in foreign postdocs, the fall in assistant professorships, and the rise in commercial biomedical research, on women's and men's career progression and pay in biomedical academia. When completed, this proposed research will provide a complete picture of the causes and potential remedies for the gender gap in science. The expertise of the Principal Investigators in economics and econometrics provides the theoretical and empirical tools to identify the causal mechanisms underlying gender differences in biomedical careers. A new data set will be created that matches individuals in the SDR to productivity measures and uses state-of-the-art statistical techniques that utilize the changes in NIH funding across time and institutes as well as changes in the biomedical labor market environment as natural experiments to identify these causal mechanisms. Phase 1 of the study will enhance the quality of the research database, the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR), by matching it with data on publications, citations and NIH grants. Phase 2 will study early career progression measured by the transition from doctorate to postdoc and from postdoc to tenure track academia. Phase 3 will be devoted to studying gender differences in the related outcomes of pay, promotion to tenure and full professor, and NIH grant awards. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: To ensure that biomedical research is able to progress most quickly to solve the health problems of the US, it is essential that we use the intellectual resources of the country as efficiently as possible. If there are indeed barriers to women in research careers in this field, it lowers the research capability of the entire country. Moreover, a diverse biomedical faculty is better-equipped to address the challenges of ensuring the public health of our increasingly diverse society. This research examines the barriers women face in careers in biomedical research in universities and research centers. Once these barriers are understood as a result of this research, policies may be implemented to promote more efficient biomedical research reflecting more diverse viewpoints and interests.

描述（由申请人提供）：多项研究详细说明了女性在学术科学领域的代表性不足，但目前还没有针对生物医学领域职业发展的全面分析工作。首席研究员之前对科学职业进行的研究（Ginther 和 Kahn 2004，2009）表明，根据专业领域的不同，女性面临着截然不同的挑战，这表明研究人员无法安全地将从“科学”研究中学到的经验教训应用于生物医学的特殊情况。需要新的研究来了解生物医学职业中性别差异的特殊情况。 本研究建议将 Ginther 和 Kahn 之前关于学术科学职业中性别差异的工作（Ginther 和 Kahn 2009）扩展到生物医学科学领域。从博士过渡到学术工作的可能性、终身教职和晋升的可能性以及包括工资和补助金在内的经济奖励的性别差异都将受到审查。这项研究将对生物医学科学学术生涯中的性别差异研究做出四大贡献。首先，将衡量从博士到正教授的整个职业轨迹，找出与职业发展每个阶段的性别差异相关的因素。其次，将审查生产力指标，包括出版物、引用和专利，以解释性别差距。第三，这项工作将评估 NIH 资助对职业成果性别差异的因果影响。第四，将调查劳动力市场环境变化对生物医学学术界女性和男性职业发展和薪酬的因果影响，包括外国博士后的增加、助理教授职位的减少以及商业生物医学研究的增加。完成后，这项拟议的研究将全面揭示科学领域性别差距的原因和潜在的补救措施。 首席研究员在经济学和计量经济学方面的专业知识为确定生物医学职业中性别差异的因果机制提供了理论和实证工具。将创建一个新的数据集，将特别提款权中的个人与生产力指标相匹配，并使用最先进的统计技术，利用 NIH 资金随时间和机构的变化以及生物医学劳动力市场环境的变化作为自然实验来识别这些因果机制。 该研究的第一阶段将通过将其与出版物、引用和 NIH 拨款的数据进行匹配，来提高研究数据库、博士学位获得者调查 (SDR) 的质量。第二阶段将研究通过从博士到博士后以及从博士后到终身教授学术界的过渡来衡量的早期职业发展。第三阶段将致力于研究薪酬、晋升终身教授和正教授以及国家卫生研究院拨款等相关结果中的性别差异。公共卫生相关性：为了确保生物医学研究能够最快地取得进展以解决美国的健康问题，我们必须尽可能有效地利用国家的智力资源。如果女性在这一领域的研究生涯中确实存在障碍，就会降低整个国家的研究能力。此外，多元化的生物医学教师更有能力应对确保日益多元化的社会公共卫生的挑战。这项研究探讨了女性在大学和研究中心生物医学研究职业中面临的障碍。一旦这些障碍被理解为这项研究的结果，就可以实施政策来促进更有效的生物医学研究，反映更多样化的观点和利益。