Economic Explanations for Gender Differences in Biomedical Careers

描述（由申请人提供）：几项研究详细说明了女性在学术科学中的代表性不足，但仅在生物医学科学中没有关于职业发展的全面分析工作。首席调查员先前对科学职业进行的研究（Ginther和Kahn，2004年，2009年）表明，妇女根据其专业领域面临着非常不同的挑战，这表明研究人员不能安全地将从关于“科学”的研究中吸取的教训应用于生物医学科学的特殊情况。需要新的研究来了解生物医学职业中性别差异的特殊情况。 这项研究建议将Ginther和Kahn关于学术科学职业中性别差异的先前工作（Ginther和Kahn 2009）扩展到生物医学科学领域。将研究从博士学位过渡到学术工作的可能性，任期和晋升的可能性，以及包括工资和赠款在内的经济奖励的性别差异。这项研究将为生物医学科学学术生涯中的性别差异研究做出四个主要贡献。首先，将测量从博士到正教授的整个职业轨迹，确定与职业发展每个阶段的性别差异相关的因素。其次，将审查生产力指标，包括出版物、引用和专利，以解释性别差距。第三，这项工作将评估NIH资助对职业结果性别差异的因果影响。第四，研究外国博士后的增加、助理教授职位的减少、商业性生物医学研究的增加等劳动力市场环境的变化对女性和男性的职业发展和生物医学学术界的薪酬产生的因果影响。完成后，这项拟议的研究将提供科学中性别差距的原因和潜在补救措施的完整画面。 主要研究者在经济学和计量经济学方面的专业知识提供了理论和实证工具，以确定生物医学职业中性别差异的因果机制。将创建一个新的数据集，将SDR中的个人与生产力指标相匹配，并使用最先进的统计技术，利用NIH资金在不同时间和机构的变化以及生物医学劳动力市场环境的变化作为自然实验，以确定这些因果机制。 该研究的第一阶段将通过将其与出版物，引文和NIH赠款的数据相匹配来提高研究数据库，博士学位获得者调查（SDR）的质量。第二阶段将研究从博士到博士后和从博士后到终身教职学术界的早期职业发展。第三阶段将致力于研究在薪酬、晋升终身教职和全职教授以及NIH赠款等相关结果方面的性别差异。公共卫生相关性：为了确保生物医学研究能够最快地解决美国的健康问题，我们必须尽可能有效地利用国家的智力资源。如果妇女在这一领域的研究事业中确实存在障碍，这就降低了整个国家的研究能力。此外，多样化的生物医学系更有能力应对确保我们日益多样化的社会的公共卫生的挑战。这项研究探讨了妇女在大学和研究中心的生物医学研究职业生涯中面临的障碍。一旦通过这项研究了解了这些障碍，就可以实施政策，促进更有效的生物医学研究，反映更多样化的观点和利益。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Several studies detail the under-representation of women in academic science, but there is no comprehensive analytical work on career progression within biomedical science alone. Previous research conducted by the Principal Investigators on science careers (Ginther and Kahn 2004, 2009) shows that women face very different challenges depending on their field of specialization, suggesting that researchers cannot safely apply the lessons learned from studies about "science" to the special case of biomedical science. New research is required to understand the special case of gender differences in biomedical careers. This study proposes to extend prior work by Ginther and Kahn on gender differences in academic science careers (Ginther and Kahn 2009) to the field of biomedical science. Gender differences in the likelihood of transitioning from PhD into academic jobs, the likelihood of tenure and promotion, and the financial rewards including both pay and grants will be examined. This research will make four major contributions to the study of gender differences in academic careers in biomedical science. First, the entire career trajectory will be measured, from doctorate to full professor, identifying those factors correlated with gender differences at every stage of career progression. Second, productivity measures will be examined including publications, citations and patents to explain the gender gap. Third, this work will evaluate the causal impact of NIH funding on gender differences in career outcomes. Fourth, the causal impact of changes in the labor market environment will be investigated, including the rise in foreign postdocs, the fall in assistant professorships, and the rise in commercial biomedical research, on women's and men's career progression and pay in biomedical academia. When completed, this proposed research will provide a complete picture of the causes and potential remedies for the gender gap in science. The expertise of the Principal Investigators in economics and econometrics provides the theoretical and empirical tools to identify the causal mechanisms underlying gender differences in biomedical careers. A new data set will be created that matches individuals in the SDR to productivity measures and uses state-of-the-art statistical techniques that utilize the changes in NIH funding across time and institutes as well as changes in the biomedical labor market environment as natural experiments to identify these causal mechanisms. Phase 1 of the study will enhance the quality of the research database, the Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR), by matching it with data on publications, citations and NIH grants. Phase 2 will study early career progression measured by the transition from doctorate to postdoc and from postdoc to tenure track academia. Phase 3 will be devoted to studying gender differences in the related outcomes of pay, promotion to tenure and full professor, and NIH grant awards. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: To ensure that biomedical research is able to progress most quickly to solve the health problems of the US, it is essential that we use the intellectual resources of the country as efficiently as possible. If there are indeed barriers to women in research careers in this field, it lowers the research capability of the entire country. Moreover, a diverse biomedical faculty is better-equipped to address the challenges of ensuring the public health of our increasingly diverse society. This research examines the barriers women face in careers in biomedical research in universities and research centers. Once these barriers are understood as a result of this research, policies may be implemented to promote more efficient biomedical research reflecting more diverse viewpoints and interests.