EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON EMPATHY

这个子项目是许多利用资源的研究子项目之一 由NIH/NCRR资助的中心拨款提供。子项目的主要支持 而子项目的主要调查员可能是由其他来源提供的， 包括其它NIH来源。 列出的子项目总成本可能 代表子项目使用的中心基础设施的估计数量， 而不是由NCRR赠款提供给子项目或子项目工作人员的直接资金。 如果另一只黑猩猩在打斗中受伤，黑猩猩往往会靠近它们，用胳膊搂住它们。这被称为安慰行为。他们还表现出有针对性的帮助，他们为他人提供他们需要的帮助，例如支持受伤的同伴。 我们已经建立了一个研究项目，从两个层面研究同理心的表达：a）我们可以在黑猩猩的群体生活中观察到的自发表达，以及B）我们使用传染性行为作为同理心代理的实验情境（因为在人类中，这种行为与同理心相关，例如自闭症儿童基本上不存在）。在过去一年中，这两个项目出版了五份出版物。打哈欠传染研究提供了证据，证明内群体的视频比外群体的视频更容易传染，这与共情假设一致（因为人类和其他动物的共情往往是内群体偏见）。对冲突后行为的研究也支持共情假设，特别是刚刚发表在PNAS上的一篇论文（第一作者：Romero），该论文显示了与人类相似的性别偏见（即女性比男性更具共情力）。我们正在金沙萨的一个避难所进一步观察倭黑猩猩的安慰行为，这是一个由Zanna Clay博士领导的项目。

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. Primary support for the subproject and the subproject's principal investigator may have been provided by other sources, including other NIH sources. The Total Cost listed for the subproject likely represents the estimated amount of Center infrastructure utilized by the subproject, not direct funding provided by the NCRR grant to the subproject or subproject staff. If another chimpanzee has been hurt in a fight, chimpanzees tend to approach them, and put an arm around them. This is known as consolation behavior. They also show targeted helping in which they provide others with assistance they need, such as supporting an injured companion. We have set up a research program to study expressions of empathy on two levels: a) spontaneous expressions that we can observe in the chimpanzee's group life, and b) experimental situations in which we use contagious behavior as a proxy of empathy (because in humans such behaviors correlate with empathy, and are for example largely absent in autistic children). Over the last year, these two projects have resulted in five publications. The yawn contagion study has provided evidence that contagion is stronger with videos of in-group than the out-group, which is consistent with the empathy hypothesis (as empathy in both humans and other animals tends to be in-group biased). The studies of post-conflict behavior also support the empathy hypothesis, especially a paper just published in PNAS (first author: Romero), which shows a sex bias similar to that in humans (i.e. females shoring more empathy than males). We are further adding observations of bonobo behavior at a Kinshasa sanctuary on consolation behavior, a project led by Dr. Zanna Clay.