Race in a Bottle: Law, Commerce and the Production of Racial Categories in Biome

描述(由申请人提供)： 该项目的目的是对种族作为后基因组时代制药和相关生物技术创新发展的中心组织概念的出现提供一本书那么长的论述。这笔赠款将为完成这本书提供三个夏天的工作资金。这项研究将围绕BiDil的一个案例研究进行，BiDil是FDA有史以来批准的第一种带有种族特定标签的药物，用于治疗“黑人患者”的心力衰竭。它将把这一扩展的案例研究置于一个更大的背景下，即基于种族的医学的出现，以及在生物技术研究和产品开发中继续、实际上越来越多地使用种族类别。它将探索种族在生物医学中的使用是如何被商业、法律、政治和科学力量之间的复杂相互作用所塑造的，并详细阐述在这种情况下使用种族的复杂的双重优势。许多人在生物医学研究和产品开发中使用种族是出于好意，但没有充分注意了解这种使用将种族具体化为基因和/或加强污名化种族陈规定型观念的潜力。由于种族在生物技术研究和产品开发中的使用背后隐藏着复杂的动机和利益，这个故事变得更加有趣。这个故事中的主要参与者包括遗传学和临床医生、监管官员和政客、公民活动家和企业领导人。一般而言，他们都是真诚寻求改善人们健康的人，但他们的动机复杂，有时还会相互冲突。通过他们的行动和担忧来探索这个故事，揭示了在生物医学研究和产品开发中使用种族的困难的双重优势--具体地揭示了法律学者玛莎·米诺在另一种背景下所描述的“差异困境”，即“什么时候以不同的方式对待人们会强调他们的差异，并在这个基础上污蔑或阻碍他们？什么时候同等对待的人会变得对他们的差异无动于衷，并有可能在这个基础上羞辱或阻碍他们？”

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The aim of the project is to provide a book-length treatment of the emergence of race as a central organizing concept in the development of pharmaceuticals and related biotechnological innovations in a post-genomic age. The grant will supply funding for three summers of work to complete this book. The study will be built around a case study of BiDil, the first drug ever approved by the FDA with a race-specific label - for the treatment of heart failure in a "black patient." It will situate this extended case study within a larger context of the emergence of race-based medicine and the continuing, indeed increasing, use of racial categories in biotechnological research and product development. It will explore how the use of race in biomedicine is shaped by a complex interplay among commercial, legal, political and scientific forces and elaborate upon the complex double edge of using race in such contexts. Many people using race in biomedical research and product development are doing so with good intentions but without sufficient care to understanding the potential of such use to reify race as genetic and/or reinforce stigmatizing racial stereotypes. The story is all the more interesting because of the complex motivations and interests underlying the use of race in biotechnological research and product development. The primary actors in this story include genetics and clinicians, regulatory officials and politicians, citizen activists and corporate leaders. Generally speaking they are all people of good faith seeking to improve people's health, but their motivations complex and occasionally conflicting. Exploring the story through their actions and concerns illuminated the difficult double edge of using race in biomedical research and product development - bringing to light in a concrete manner what legal scholar Martha Minnow, in another context, has characterized as the "dilemma of difference," namely "when does treating people differently emphasize their differences and stigmatize or hinder them on that basis? and when does treating people the same become insensitive to their difference and likely to stigmatize or hinder them on that basis?"