Race in a Bottle: Law, Commerce and the Production of Racial Categories in Biome

描述（由申请人提供）： 该项目的目的是提供一本书的篇幅来论述种族的出现，作为后基因组时代药物开发和相关生物技术创新的一个核心组织概念。这笔赠款将为完成这本书的三个夏天的工作提供资金。这项研究将围绕BiDil的案例研究展开，BiDil是FDA批准的第一种带有种族特异性标签的药物，用于治疗“黑人患者”的心力衰竭。“它将在基于种族的医学的出现以及在生物技术研究和产品开发中继续使用种族类别的更大背景下对这一扩展的案例研究进行分析。它将探讨如何使用种族在生物医学是由一个复杂的形状 本报告阐述了商业、法律的、政治和科学力量之间的相互作用，并阐述了在这种情况下利用种族问题的复杂的双重优势。许多在生物医学研究和产品开发中使用种族问题的人都是出于良好的意图，但没有充分注意到这种使用可能会将种族具体化为遗传和/或强化污名化的种族成见。由于在生物技术研究和产品开发中使用种族的复杂动机和利益，这个故事更加有趣。这个故事的主要参与者包括遗传学和临床医生、监管官员和政治家、公民活动家和企业领导人。一般来说，他们都是有诚意的人，寻求改善人民的健康，但他们的动机复杂，有时相互冲突。通过他们的行动和关切来探讨这个故事，揭示了在生物医学研究和产品开发中使用种族的困难的双重边缘-以具体的方式揭示了法律的学者Martha Minnow在另一种情况下所描述的“差异的困境”，即“当以不同的方式对待人们时，会强调他们的差异，并在此基础上羞辱或阻碍他们？什么时候对待人们的方式变得对他们的差异不敏感，并可能在此基础上羞辱或阻碍他们？"

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The aim of the project is to provide a book-length treatment of the emergence of race as a central organizing concept in the development of pharmaceuticals and related biotechnological innovations in a post-genomic age. The grant will supply funding for three summers of work to complete this book. The study will be built around a case study of BiDil, the first drug ever approved by the FDA with a race-specific label - for the treatment of heart failure in a "black patient." It will situate this extended case study within a larger context of the emergence of race-based medicine and the continuing, indeed increasing, use of racial categories in biotechnological research and product development. It will explore how the use of race in biomedicine is shaped by a complex interplay among commercial, legal, political and scientific forces and elaborate upon the complex double edge of using race in such contexts. Many people using race in biomedical research and product development are doing so with good intentions but without sufficient care to understanding the potential of such use to reify race as genetic and/or reinforce stigmatizing racial stereotypes. The story is all the more interesting because of the complex motivations and interests underlying the use of race in biotechnological research and product development. The primary actors in this story include genetics and clinicians, regulatory officials and politicians, citizen activists and corporate leaders. Generally speaking they are all people of good faith seeking to improve people's health, but their motivations complex and occasionally conflicting. Exploring the story through their actions and concerns illuminated the difficult double edge of using race in biomedical research and product development - bringing to light in a concrete manner what legal scholar Martha Minnow, in another context, has characterized as the "dilemma of difference," namely "when does treating people differently emphasize their differences and stigmatize or hinder them on that basis? and when does treating people the same become insensitive to their difference and likely to stigmatize or hinder them on that basis?"