Neural correlates of strategic control and recalibration during motor learning

描述（由申请人提供）：学习是一个非凡的过程，它使我们能够迅速获得新技能，与新工具和环境互动，并保持对这些经历的记忆，从而丰富了我们的生活。在广泛的运动任务中，人类表现出一种典型的学习功能：最初错误的快速减少，随后错误的逐渐减少。据推测，这条学习曲线反映了两个过程的运作，一个基于策略控制，另一个涉及感觉运动重新校准。根据这种观点，策略控制在可用的情况下，可以在学习的初始阶段迅速减少较大的错误。感觉运动重新校准以较慢的时间常数进行操作，以逐渐减少整个学习过程中的误差。我们的第一个实验将使用视觉运动适应任务，其中错误要么突然引入，要么逐渐引入。前者应该同时参与这两个进程；对于后者，学习将局限于感觉运动重新校准过程。使用基于模型的方法，将使用手内泛化和手间迁移来识别这两个学习过程下新感觉运动映射的参考框架。第二个系列的实验将通过其在策略控制过程中的作用来检验背外侧前额叶皮层对运动学习的贡献。神经影像学和患者研究将用于探索这个问题。综上所述，这些实验将有助于确定运动学习背后的计算过程和神经回路。中风和神经疾病可导致运动能力严重丧失，严重损害日常功能。nih在其报告《新千年的神经科学》（Neuroscience in The New Millennium）中指出，有必要开发新的训练方法，以恢复神经残疾患者的功能。本项目旨在研究依赖于不同神经回路的两种不同过程如何促进运动学习。这些过程对于设计康复方案可能很重要，这些康复方案是量身定制的，可以利用仍然有效的学习和控制系统。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Learning is a remarkable process that enriches our lives by allowing us to rapidly acquire new skills, interact with novel tools and environments, and maintain memories of those experiences. Across a broad range of motor tasks, humans show a stereotypical learning function: an initial rapid decrease in errors followed by a slower, gradual reduction in error. It has been hypothesized that this learning curve reflects the operation of two processes, one based on strategic control and a second involving sensorimotor recalibration. By this view, strategic control, when available, quickly reduces large errors during the initial phase of learning. The sensorimotor recalibration operates with a slower time constant to gradually reduce errors throughout learning. Our first experiment will use a visuomotor adaptation task in which errors are either introduced abruptly or gradually. The former should engage both processes; for the latter, learning will be restricted to the sensorimotor recalibration process. Using a model-based approach, within-hand generalization and between-hand transfer will be used to identify the reference frame underlying the new sensorimotor mapping under these two processes of learning. A second series of experiments will examine the contribution of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to motor learning through its role in the strategic control process. Neuroimaging and patient research will be used to explore this question. Taken together, the experiments will aid in determining both the computational processes and neural circuits underlying motor learning. Stroke and neural disease can lead to a profound loss of motor ability, significantly impairing daily function. The N.I.H. identified the need to develop novel training methods to restore function in neurologically disabled individuals in its report "Neuroscience in the New Millennium." This project aims at examining how two different processes, reliant on distinct neural circuits, contribute to motor learning. These processes may be important for designing rehabilitation programs that are tailored to exploit learning and control systems that remain functional.