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The Emergence of Folk Science

民间科学的出现

基本信息

批准号：
8248088
负责人：
FRANK C KEIL
金额：
$ 26.98万
依托单位：
YALE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2008-04-01 至 2014-03-31
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

This proposal examineshow children and adults develop understandings of the world around them given clear evidence of the incompleteness of their knowledge. This knowledge, known here as "folkscience", is explored through three strands: tracking of casual structure, evaluating the quality of one's own knowledge and that of others, and having the ability to grasp the social infrastructure that supports the partial knowledge in any one mind. Tracking of causal structure will be explored by conducting studies on 1. the conditions under which young children attribute changes in regular events to animmate agents., 2. the ways in which children and adults overextend essentialism and related causal mechanisms to inessential categories, 3. the limitations of Bayes nets as models of partial causal representations 4. how the structure of causal chains influences perceived quality of explanations and 5. how different cognitive "stances" emerge and interact.. The evaluation of knowledge will be examined through studies that 1. uncover mechanisms for 'illusions of explanatory depth" and for "illusions of insight", 2. examine how children and adults understand what makes a good vs. bad summary of an initially elaborate explanation, 3. examine the basis for udgments of the relative complexity of explanations and the ways in which suchjudgments influence deference and the seeking of expertise, and 4. examine how children evaluate the legitimacy of areas of explanatory expertise. Studies on grasping the social infrastructure will look at 1. how children infer causally mportant features from intentional actions of others, 2. how children learn to distinguish expertise on biological phenomena from psychological phenomena, 3. how notions of the divison of cognitive labor might vary across children and adults from different groups and backgrounds, 4. how children understand the need o shift patterns of knowledge deference in different contexts, and 5. how and why children underestimate he extent to which one's own knowledge is dependent on knowledge in other minds.

这项建议考察了儿童和成年人如何发展对他们周围世界的理解清楚地证明他们的知识是不完整的。这种知识，在这里被称为“民俗科学”，是通过三个方面进行探索：跟踪随意的结构，评估自己的知识质量以及其他人的能力，并有能力掌握支持部分任何人头脑中的知识。对因果结构的追踪将通过进行以下研究来探索：1. 幼儿将常规事件中的变化归因于动物配对因素的条件。2.方式其中，儿童和成人将本质主义和相关的因果机制过度扩展到无关紧要类别，3.贝叶斯网作为部分因果表示模型的局限性4.结构如何因果链影响解释的感知质量以及5.不同的认知“立场”是如何出现的并且互动..。对知识的评估将通过以下研究进行审查：1.揭示 “解释深度的错觉”和“洞察力的错觉”，2.检查儿童和成年人如何理解对最初详尽的解释，什么是好的总结，什么是坏的总结，3.检查基础解释的相对复杂性及其判断的影响方式尊重和寻求专业知识，以及4.检查儿童如何评价以下领域的合法性解释性的专业知识。关于掌握社会基础结构的研究将着眼于1。儿童如何进行因果推理。重要特征与他人故意行为的区别，2.儿童如何学会区分来自心理现象的生物现象，3.认知劳动分工的概念如何来自不同群体和背景的儿童和成年人之间的差异，4.儿童如何理解需要 O不同背景下知识顺从的变化模式，以及5.儿童低估的方式和原因一个人自己的知识在多大程度上依赖于他人的知识。