Molecular Ecology of Neotropical Anophelines in the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon

项目总结（见说明）： 按蚊媒介在疟疾传播中的重要性在限制、改变或消灭按蚊种群的持续努力中显而易见。在我们的流行病学多样化的研究地点（秘鲁，巴西），我们将集中在分子生态学的最嗜热的新热带疟疾载体，按蚊darlingi，并确定其他地方/区域的载体，我们的初步数据表明是重要的。我们假设，在采矿地点aroimd马尔多纳多港在东南秘鲁，并在新的农业定居点，Remansinho，Acrelandia，随着森林砍伐的增加，所以将安的重要性。传动和维护领域的Darlingi。除了沿着Iquitos-Nauta HW外，以前没有仔细监测过，我们预计将提供我们工作的每个地点的最新风险评估。成年雌蚊的识别使用标准钥匙是有问题的，和PCR-ITS 2-RFLP测定已在当地规模aroimd伊基托斯实施。我们将扩展这些试验，以纳入我们在东南秘鲁和Acrelandia的研究中心。准确的物种识别将提供物种组成随时间变化的信息，这也可能改变传播风险。使用我们手头的微卫星标记（对于一个。darlingi）或将发展（对于其他地方/区域病媒），我们将测试基因型、种群结构和扩张证据的变化，特别是在最受影响的地点（采矿、农业）。一个.达林吉正在分化成北方和南方血统，我们用核白色基因检测到了这一点。我们建立了一种诊断性的PCR-RFLP方法。darlngi来确定谱系分布，因为遗传分化可能意味着媒介能力、生态或行为的差异。随着蚊帐或经杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐越来越被接受，在某些情况下，仅蚊帐就可能引起病媒物种在叮咬时间上的行为变化，经杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐可以影响蚊子对杀虫剂的抗药性水平。我们将监测高峰叮咬时间、叮咬率、杀虫剂抗性、遗传多样性和有效种群规模的变化，为评估提供基线数据，这些数据目前在亚马逊大部分地区都无法获得。我们将使用一种新开发的捕蚊器，

PROJECT SUMMARY (See instructions): The importance ofthe Anopheles vector in malaria transmission is evident in the continued efforts to limit, modify, or eliminate populations of anophelines. In our epidemiologically diverse study sites (Peru, Brazil) we will focus on the molecular ecology ofthe most anthropophilic Neotropical malaria vector, Anopheles darlingi, and, identify additional local/regional vectors that our preliminary data suggest are important. We hypothesize that in the mining sites aroimd Puerto Maldonado in SE Peru, and in the new agricultural settlement, Remansinho, Acrelandia, as deforestation increases, so will the importance of An. darlingi in transmission and maintenance. This has not previously been carefully monitored, except along the Iquitos-Nauta HW, and we anticipate providing up-to-date risk assessment of each ofthe localities where we will work. The identification of adult female mosquitoes using standard keys is problematic, and PCR-ITS2-RFLP assays have been implemented on a local scale aroimd Iquitos. We will expand these assays to include our study sites in SE Peru and Acrelandia. Accurate species identification will provide information on changes in species composition over time, which also might alter risk of transmission. Using microsatellite markers that we have in hand (for An. darlingi) or will develop (for other local/regional vectors) we will test for changes in genotype, population structure and evidence of expansion, particularly in the most modified sites (mining, agriculture). An. darlingi is diverging into northem and southem lineages that we detected with the nuclear white gene. We developed a diagnostic PCR-RFLP assay to survey An. darlngi to determine the lineage distributions, because genetic differentiation could signify differences in vector competence, ecology or behavior. As bednets or ITNs become more acceptable, in some situations nets alone may provoke a behavioral change in the biting times of vector species, and the ITNs can influence levels of mosquito insecticide resistance. We will monitor peak biting times, biting rate, insecticide resistance, and changes in genetic diversity and effective population size to provide baseline data for evaluation, data that are currently unavailable in most ofthe Amazon. We will use a newly developed mosquito trap that reduces risk to collectors