Latitudinal landscape genomics and ecology of Anopheles darlingi

描述(申请人提供)：亚马逊疟疾的主要媒介达林伊按蚊有能力迅速适应由新的环境条件引起的微观地理变化，例如在农业定居点遇到的环境条件。因此，它对拉丁美洲的健康构成了重大威胁。这项建议审查了AN的三个未被研究的方面。Darlingi来确定导致其成功传播的主要机制：广泛的可塑性或遗传专门化。首先，我们将通过明确分离定居年龄和森林覆盖的影响来检验边境疟疾假说(FMH)，即定居年龄预测疟疾发病率。我们将使用最先进的基于生态的实验设计，比较巴西亚马孙流域两个地区三种森林覆盖率和两种栖息地类型的环境变量。昆虫学指标，最著名的昆虫学接种率(EIR)，将在12个定居点之间进行比较。我们预计，考虑到年龄和森林覆盖率的修正的FMH将对AN的侵袭性提供更强的预测能力。达林吉和其他媒介分布在广泛的碎片化景观类型中。其次，我们将对按蚊的种群基因组学进行比较。与疟疾罕见的巴西南部相比，达林吉在亚马逊流行地区暴露于不同水平的疟原虫，以及(Ii)亚马逊多个定居点的环境变量。在整个澳大利亚开发SNPs。达令吉的基因组将使我们能够确定一个种群是否。Darlingi在抵抗疟原虫和在种群和地区之间发现选择的基因组签名的遗传能力上存在差异。第三，我们将进行生活史实验，重点关注与向量能力直接相关的性状对温度的反应规范。我们将测试性状及其可塑性的区域遗传变异，并评估是否存在这些差异的选择。通过提供有关AN快速反应所必需的基因和表型特征的原始数据。我们的工作将对亚马逊地区和其他类似地区的边境疟疾产生重大影响。这项拟议的工作在概念上是创新的，因为它将景观破碎化、遗传学和生活史特征与可能成为传播增加的焦点的准确地点联系起来。它在技术上是创新的，因为它使用了下一代RADseq方法来评估AN的种群。达林吉来自与疟原虫有不同接触的地区。我们的长期目标是预测何时何地发生。达林吉人的人口将会扩大，导致疟疾风险的新焦点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary Amazonian malaria vector Anopheles darlingi has the ability to adapt quickly to micro- geographic changes resulting from novel environmental conditions such as those encountered in agricultural settlements. Therefore, it is a substantial health threat in Latin America. This proposal examines three understudied aspects of An. darlingi to identify the main mechanism responsible for its success in transmission: broad plasticity or genetic specialization. First, we will test the Frontier Malaria Hypothesis (FMH), tht settlement age predicts malaria incidence, by explicitly separating the effects of settlement age and forest cover. We will use a state-of-the art ecologically-based experimental design that compares environmental variables in three levels of forest cover and two habitat types in both new and old settlements in two regions of Amazonian Brazil. Entomological metrics, most notably the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), will be compared among 12 settlements. We anticipate that a modified FMH, that accounts for both age and forest cover, will provide stronger predictive power for the invasiveness of An. darlingi and other vectors in a wide range of fragmented landscape types. Secondly, we will compare population genomics of An. darlingi exposed to (i) different levels of Plasmodium in the endemic Amazonian region versus southern Brazil where malaria is rare, and (ii) environmental variables in multiple Amazonian settlements. Development of SNPs across the An. darlingi genome will allow us to determine whether populations of An. darlingi differ in their genetic capacity to resist Plasmodium and to discover genomic signatures of selection among populations and regions. Thirdly, we will conduct life-history experiments that focus on the reaction norms to temperature of traits that are directly linked to vectorial capacity. We will test for regional genetic variation for traits and their plasticities, and evaluate whether there has been selection for these differences. By providing original data on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics integral to the rapid response of An. darlingi to landscape fragmentation, our work will have a significant impact on frontier malaria in the Amazon and in other similar settings. The proposed work is conceptually innovative because it links landscape fragmentation, genetics and life-history traits with the precise localities that are likely to become foci of increased transmission. It is technically innovative because of the use of a next-gen RADseq method to evaluate populations of An. darlingi from localities with varying exposure to Plasmodium. Our long-term goal is to predict where and when An. darlingi populations will expand, resulting in new foci of malaria risk.