Latitudinal landscape genomics and ecology of Anopheles darlingi

描述（由申请人提供）：亚马逊地区的主要疟疾媒介达林按蚊具有快速适应由新环境条件引起的微地理变化的能力，例如在农业定居点遇到的环境。因此，它对拉丁美洲的健康构成重大威胁。本提案探讨了安的三个未被充分研究的方面。Darlingi试图确定其成功传播的主要机制：广泛的可塑性或遗传专门化。首先，我们将通过明确分离定居年龄和森林覆盖的影响来检验边疆疟疾假说（FMH），即定居年龄预测疟疾发病率。我们将使用最先进的基于生态学的实验设计，比较巴西亚马逊流域两个地区的新旧定居点中三个森林覆盖水平和两种栖息地类型的环境变量。昆虫学指标，特别是昆虫接种率（EIR）将在12个聚落之间进行比较。同时考虑了年龄和森林覆盖的修正FMH将为安树的入侵提供更强的预测能力。Darlingi和其他向量在广泛的破碎景观类型。其次，我们将比较安。darlingi暴露于(i)亚马逊地区流行的疟原虫水平与疟疾罕见的巴西南部不同，以及（ii）多个亚马逊定居点的环境变量。跨大西洋snp的发展。darlingi的基因组将允许我们确定An。darlingi在抵抗疟原虫的遗传能力和发现种群和地区之间选择的基因组特征方面有所不同。第三，我们将进行生活史实验，重点关注与载体能力直接相关的性状对温度的反应规范。我们将测试性状及其可塑性的区域遗传变异，并评估这些差异是否存在选择。通过提供基因型和表型特征的原始数据，整合到An的快速反应。我们的工作将对亚马逊河流域和其他类似地区的边境疟疾产生重大影响。拟议的工作在概念上是创新的，因为它将景观破碎，遗传学和生活史特征与可能成为增加传播焦点的精确地点联系起来。它在技术上是创新的，因为它使用了下一代RADseq方法来评估安的种群。来自不同地区暴露于疟原虫的达林吉。我们的长期目标是预测安在何时何地。达林吉的人口将扩大，从而产生新的疟疾风险焦点。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The primary Amazonian malaria vector Anopheles darlingi has the ability to adapt quickly to micro- geographic changes resulting from novel environmental conditions such as those encountered in agricultural settlements. Therefore, it is a substantial health threat in Latin America. This proposal examines three understudied aspects of An. darlingi to identify the main mechanism responsible for its success in transmission: broad plasticity or genetic specialization. First, we will test the Frontier Malaria Hypothesis (FMH), tht settlement age predicts malaria incidence, by explicitly separating the effects of settlement age and forest cover. We will use a state-of-the art ecologically-based experimental design that compares environmental variables in three levels of forest cover and two habitat types in both new and old settlements in two regions of Amazonian Brazil. Entomological metrics, most notably the entomological inoculation rate (EIR), will be compared among 12 settlements. We anticipate that a modified FMH, that accounts for both age and forest cover, will provide stronger predictive power for the invasiveness of An. darlingi and other vectors in a wide range of fragmented landscape types. Secondly, we will compare population genomics of An. darlingi exposed to (i) different levels of Plasmodium in the endemic Amazonian region versus southern Brazil where malaria is rare, and (ii) environmental variables in multiple Amazonian settlements. Development of SNPs across the An. darlingi genome will allow us to determine whether populations of An. darlingi differ in their genetic capacity to resist Plasmodium and to discover genomic signatures of selection among populations and regions. Thirdly, we will conduct life-history experiments that focus on the reaction norms to temperature of traits that are directly linked to vectorial capacity. We will test for regional genetic variation for traits and their plasticities, and evaluate whether there has been selection for these differences. By providing original data on the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics integral to the rapid response of An. darlingi to landscape fragmentation, our work will have a significant impact on frontier malaria in the Amazon and in other similar settings. The proposed work is conceptually innovative because it links landscape fragmentation, genetics and life-history traits with the precise localities that are likely to become foci of increased transmission. It is technically innovative because of the use of a next-gen RADseq method to evaluate populations of An. darlingi from localities with varying exposure to Plasmodium. Our long-term goal is to predict where and when An. darlingi populations will expand, resulting in new foci of malaria risk.