Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using natural st

描述（由申请人提供）：空间和时间是我们身体和心理领域的两个基本属性。我们最近提出，大脑使用类似的策略来整合空间和时间上的信息。视觉皮层通路沿着的神经元具有越来越大的空间感受野（SRF）。这是视觉系统的一个基本组织原则;高级视觉区域的神经元接收来自具有较小感受野的低级神经元的输入，从而在空间上积累信息。与SRF相似，我们将神经元的时间接受窗口（TRW）定义为反应之前的时间长度，在此期间感觉信息可能影响该反应。我们认为，与SRF，地形组织的TRW是分布式和层次。随着时间的推移，信息的积累是分布的，因为每个大脑区域都有能力随着时间的推移积累信息。处理是分层的，因为每个TRW的容量从早期的感觉区域增加到更高阶的感知和认知区域。初级听觉或视觉皮层等早期感觉皮层具有相对较小的SRF和较短的TRW（高达数百毫秒），而高阶区域具有相对较大的SRF和较长的TRW（即可以在长时间内积累信息）。这个建议的目标是测试这个新的假设，通过表征TRWs在整个皮层层次使用时间延长的自然刺激。使用两种互补的方法，功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和颅内脑电图（iEEG），我们将开发新的实验范式和分析工具来测量处理时间尺度，并探索大脑区域随着时间的推移积累信息的神经机制。更好地了解大脑如何随着时间的推移积累和整合信息可能会揭示各种认知障碍，如ADHD，学习障碍和精神分裂症，这些疾病通常涉及随着时间的推移合成信息的困难。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Space and time are two fundamental properties of our physical and psychological realms. We recently proposed that the brain uses similar strategies for integrating information over space and throughout time. It is well established that neurons along visual cortical pathways have increasingly large spatial receptive fields (SRFs). This is a basic organizing principle of the visual system; neurons in higher-level visual areas receive input from low-level neurons with smaller receptive fields, thereby accumulating information over space. Drawing a parallel with SRF, we defined the temporal receptive window (TRW) of a neuron as the length of time prior to a response during which sensory information may affect that response. We argue that, as with SRFs, the topographical organization of the TRWs is distributed and hierarchical. The accumulation of information over time is distributed in the sense that each brain area has the capacity to accumulate information over time. The processing is hierarchical because the capacity of each TRW increases from early sensory areas to higher order perceptual and cognitive areas. Early sensory cortices such as the primary auditory or visual cortex have relatively small SRFs and short TRWs (up to hundreds of milliseconds), while higher-order areas have relatively large SRFs and long TRWs (i.e. can accumulate information over long periods of time). The goal of this proposal is to test this novel hypothesis by characterizing TRWs throughout the cortical hierarchy using temporally extended naturalistic stimuli. Using two complementary methods, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG), we will develop novel experimental paradigms and analytic tools to measure processing time scales and to probe the underline neural mechanisms by which brain areas accumulate information over time. A better understanding of how the brain accumulates and integrates information over time may shed light on various cognitive disorders as ADHD, learning impairments, and schizophrenia, which often involve difficulties with synthesizing information over time.