Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Dysfunction and Chlorine Toxicity

描述（由申请人提供）：氯（Cl 2）是一种高度刺激性和反应性气体，在世界各地大量生产，广泛用于纸浆漂白、废物卫生和各种药品的生产。当吸入时，它还对公共健康构成重大威胁。暴露于运输和工业事故中释放到大气中的Cl 2以及恐怖主义行为导致人类和动物的严重发病率和死亡率。没有安全的Cl 2暴露：即使在家庭中暴露于低水平的Cl 2也可能导致喘息，并加剧哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病的临床结果。当吸入时，Cl 2首先与肺上皮细胞衬里液（ELF）中的抗氧化剂反应;当抗氧化剂耗尽时，它与蛋白质、细胞外基质组分和不饱和脂肪酸形成相对稳定的加合物，然后继续延长初始Cl 2暴露的毒性并促成长期病理学。在这个提议中，我们将测试这样的假设，即这些次级反应物质靶向线粒体，从而降低线粒体质量并导致生物能功能障碍，从而延迟组织恢复和修复。基于这些数据，我们假设线粒体是肺上皮细胞中Cl 2毒性的关键靶标，并且通过线粒体靶向抗氧化剂（如MitoQ）预防线粒体氧化损伤与增强线粒体自噬（通过雷帕霉素和海藻糖）的组合策略将有益于改善Cl 2毒性。这一假设将通过完成这两个高度集成的特定目标中强调的体外和体内研究进行测试：SA-1：确定体外人气道细胞暴露于Cl 2后线粒体损伤和自噬的机制和生理后遗症。SA-2：确定Cl 2后给予小鼠MitoQ、雷帕霉素和海藻糖是否降低Cl 2诱导的死亡率和肺损伤并改善线粒体生物能量学功能。这些实验的完成将为进一步的研究提供合理的基础，以建立有效的治疗方法来应对对人类的重大环境和公共卫生威胁。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Chlorine (Cl2) is a highly irritant and reactive gas produced in large quantities throughout the world and used extensively for pulp bleaching, waste sanitation and in the manufacturing of various pharmaceuticals. It also poses a significant threat to public health when inhaled. Exposure to Cl2, released into the atmosphere during transportation and industrial accidents, as well as acts of terrorism resulted in significant morbidity and mortality to both humans and animals. There is no safe exposure to Cl2: Even domestic exposure to low levels of Cl2 may result in wheezing and exacerbate the clinical outcome of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. When inhaled, Cl2 first reacts with antioxidants in the lung epithelial lining fluid (ELF); when antioxidants are depleted, it fors relatively stable adducts with proteins, components of the extracellular matrix and unsaturated fatty acids which then proceed to prolong the toxicity of the initial Cl2 exposure and contribute t the long term pathology. In this proposal we will test the hypothesis that these secondary reactive species target the mitochondrion and so decrease mitochondrial quality and cause bioenergetic dysfunction which delays tissue recovery and repair. Based upon these data we hypothesize that mitochondria are a critical target for Cl2 toxicity in lung epithelial cells and te combined strategy of preventing mitochondrial oxidative damage by mitochondrial targeted antioxidants (such as MitoQ) with enhancing mitophagy (by rapamycin and trehalose), will be beneficial in ameliorating Cl2 toxicity. This hypothesis will be tested by completing the in vitro and in vivo studies highlighted in these two highly integrated specific aims: SA-1: Determine the mechanisms and physiological sequelae of mitochondria injury and autophagy following exposure of human airway cells to Cl2 in vitro. SA-2: Determine if post Cl2 administration of MitoQ, rapamycin and trehalose in mice decreases Cl2 induced mortality and lung injury and improves mitochondrial bioenergetics function. Completion of these experiments will provide the rational basis for additional studies to establish effective therapies for a major environmental and public health threat to humans.