Behavioral and Neural Consequences of Sleep Loss on Adolescent Affective Function

描述（由申请人提供）：睡眠不足在青少年时期非常普遍。青少年睡眠不足的原因是大脑/行为/社会环境在睡眠-觉醒和昼夜节律调节中的相互作用的结果。青春期的生理变化产生了一种喜欢熬夜的自然倾向，同时也增加了困倦。然而，关键的睡眠行为（熬夜的模式和不稳定的睡眠/觉醒时间表）在很大程度上是这些生物倾向和社会环境（即人造光的影响，刺激的社交媒体，如短信和互联网，以及其他高回报的活动，加上学校早上课时间）之间的相互作用。此外，这些相互作用合谋剥夺了青少年在身体、社会和情感发展的关键成熟变化时期的睡眠。青春期的睡眠中断可能会引发奖励和情绪处理受损的负面级联反应；情感和行为失调；进一步的睡眠问题；最终，临床抑郁症和药物滥用。这项研究的主要目的是阐明睡眠问题与青少年抑郁和药物滥用之间的潜在生物心理社会机制。了解睡眠不足导致青春期情感功能障碍、行为和心理健康问题脆弱性的机制，可以为制定更有效的早期干预措施提供杠杆作用，包括针对社会环境的临床和社会政策层面的努力（即，学校开学时间、父母和青少年教育计划以及行为干预）。作为实现这一目标的第一步，该研究将评估控制良好的睡眠时间和社会环境对支持奖励和情绪调节的神经系统活动以及相关情感行为的影响。我们的具体目标是：(1)研究短暂睡眠限制和同伴社会环境对奖励和冒险行为的影响；(2)研究短暂性睡眠限制和同伴社会环境对情绪反应/调节的影响。采用受试者内交叉设计，在两种实验条件下对青春期中期的青少年进行研究：(1)睡眠限制（两晚睡4小时）和(2)睡眠延长（两晚睡10小时）。多导睡眠仪监测的睡眠状况将在第二天进行功能磁共振成像（fMRI）和行为测试。我们将使用经过验证的奖励和情绪处理神经成像任务来检查皮层-皮层下激活对食欲和厌恶刺激的反应。参与者将以朋友为单位进行研究，使我们能够检查同伴社会环境对情感功能的影响。我们也将研究神经和行为对社会相关刺激的反应。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Sleep loss is extremely prevalent during adolescence. The causes of sleep restriction in adolescence are the result of brain/behavior/social context interactions in sleep-wake and circadian regulation. Biological changes at puberty create a natural tendency to prefer staying up late as well as increased sleepiness. However the key sleep behaviors (patterns of staying up late and erratic sleep/wake schedules) are largely an interaction between these biologic tendencies and the social environment (i.e., effects of artificial light, stimulating social media such as texting and the internet, and other highly rewarding activities combined with early school start times). Moreover, these interactions are conspiring to rob youth of sleep at a time of critical maturational changes in physical, social, and affective development. Sleep disruption in adolescence may initiate a negative cascade of impaired reward and emotion processing; affective and behavioral dysregulation; further sleep problems; and ultimately, clinical depression and substance abuse. The broad goal of this research is to elucidate potential biopsychosocial mechanisms linking sleep problems with the development of depression and substance abuse in adolescence. Understanding the mechanisms by which sleep loss contributes to vulnerabilities for affective dysfunction and behavioral and mental health problems triggered during adolescence can provide leverage for developing more effective early interventions, including both clinical and social policy-level efforts aimed at the social environment (i.e., school start times, parental and youth education programs, and behavioral interventions). As a first step to address this goal, the proposed study will evaluate the effects of well-controlled laboratory manipulations of sleep duration and social context on activity in neural systems supporting reward and emotion regulation, and on related affective behaviors. Our specific aims are: (1) to investigate the impact of transient sleep restriction and peer social context on reward and risk-taking; and (2) to investigate the impact of transient sleep restriction and peer social context on emotional reactivity/ regulation. Using a within-subjects crossover design, youth in middle adolescence will be studied under two experimental conditions: (1) sleep restriction (two nights of 4 hours time in bed) and (2) sleep extension (two nights of 10 hours time in bed). Polysomnographically-monitored sleep conditions will be followed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral testing the next day. We will employ validated reward and emotion processing neuroimaging tasks to examine cortical-subcortical activation in response to appetitive and aversive stimuli. Participants will be studied in pairs of friends, enabling us to examine the influence of the peer social context on affective functioning. We will also examine neural and behavioral responses to socially- relevant stimuli.