Mechanism and distribution of meiotic recombination initiation in mouse

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The objective of this research is to understand the mechanism of mammalian meiotic recombination. Crossovers occur nonrandomly in the genome, forming preferentially within 1-2 kb "hotspots" where SPO11 protein forms double-strand breaks (DSBs). Understanding hotspot activity and distribution is important for understanding the role of recombination in chromosome segregation. Mouse meiosis is an ideal system for these studies because of its evolutionary similarity to human meiosis. Factors that contribute to hotspot activity in mouse will be characterized, and a new method for identifying recombination hotspots will be developed. The specific aims are: 1. To identify factors that contribute to variation in crossover hotspot activity. Little is known about the molecular determinants of hotspot function in mammals. To address this issue, we will examine effects of sex, strain background, and local sequence differences on recombination frequencies at selected hotspots. 2. To test for sex-specific and chromosome region-specific variation in the crossover vs. noncrossover decision. Crossovers are only ~10% of the recombination products in a meiotic cell-the majority of DSBs are repaired to give noncrossover products. We have proposed that non random crossover placement arises in part from programmed deviation from the genome- average crossover:noncrossover ratio and that this deviation accounts for differences in crossover position between males and females. We will test this hypothesis by comparing relative frequencies of crossovers and noncrossovers between male and female at hotspots within chromosomal regions with sexually dimorphic crossover rates. We will similarly test whether hotspots at different genomic positions in males vary with respect to the crossover:noncrossover ratio. 3. To develop a new method to directly identify DSB hotspots using SPO11-associated oligonucleotide sequences. SPO11 protein cleaves DNA via a topoisomerase-like reaction that leaves SPO11 covalently attached to the 52 termini of the DSB. We recently demonstrated that these protein-associated DSBs are processed by an endonucleolytic mechanism that releases SPO11 covalently bound to a short oligonucleotide. We will exploit this finding to identify DSB hotspots by sequencing the SPO11-associated DNA. We will use yeast meiosis as a model system for proof of principle and to extend this methodology to high-throughput methods to map and quantify large numbers of hotspots across the genome. We will then extend these studies to identify DSB hotspots in the mouse.