Sustainable Household Energy Adoption in Rwanda (SHEAR): Promoting Rural Health with Solar and Natural Gas

卢旺达可持续家庭能源采用（SHEAR）：利用太阳能和天然气促进农村健康

• 批准号: 10407013
• 负责人: Maggie Lynn Clark
• 金额: $ 63.69万
• 依托单位: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2019-09-15 至 2025-04-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10407013
• 关键词: Address; Adoption; Adult; Africa; American; Biomass; Blood Pressure; Carbon Black; Charcoal; Child; Climate; Clinical; Colorado; Communities; Complement; Cookstove; Costs and Benefits; Country; Data; Development; Economics; Eligibility Determination; Energy-Generating Resources; Ensure; Exposure to; Female; Gases; Goals; Growth; Guidelines; Health; Health Benefit; Heating; Home; Hour; Household; Household Air Pollution; Human; Human Rights; Infrastructure; Intervention; Kerosene; Lighting; Link; Marketing; Measurement; Measures; Modeling; Modernization; Morbidity - disease rate; Natural Gas; Output; Participant; Persons; Petroleum; Planet Earth; Policies; Policy Maker; Population; Privatization; Provider; Randomized; Randomized, Controlled Trials; Readiness; Research; Risk Factors; Rural; Rural Health; Rwanda; Solar Energy; Source; Technology; Universities; Woman; Wood material; Wood stove; Work; World Health Organization; aged; anthropogenesis; arm; burden of illness; clinical outcome measures; clinically actionable; cooking; cost; design; energy balance; fine particles; improved; knowledgebase; low and middle-income countries; male; men; mortality; prevent; public-private partnership; pulmonary function; recruit; research study; response; rural area; secondary endpoint; solid fuel; timeline; treatment arm

Abstract Exposure to household air pollution from the use of traditional energy sources is a top-ten risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emissions from traditional energy sources in the home create unhealthy levels of household air pollution and the issue is pervasive. Approximately 3 billion people rely on fuels like wood, charcoal, and kerosene to support needs such as cooking, heating, and lighting. Approximately 80% of the population in Rwanda uses such fuels, making exposure to household air pollution the 3rd leading contributor to the burden of disease in this country. Exposure to household air pollution is also a problem in the developed world. Nearly 30 million Americans burn solid fuels as their primary source of heating energy. Nearly 50 years of research on ‘cleaner’ household energy technologies has demonstrated only modest global impact, due to a combination of economic, cultural, and technologic barriers that prevent access to and usage of clean energy. A further limitation is that nearly all household energy interventions, to date, have focused on replacing only a single energy source (i.e., replacing just cooking, or just lighting) with a more modern technology. We propose to address these issues by conducting a randomized controlled trial that (1) focuses on total household energy (2) in a country that evinces readiness for alternative forms of energy, (3) by forming a public- private partnership to promote technological solutions that are consumer-focused and market sustainable, (4) by investigating outcome measures that are clinically actionable and strongly linked to morbidity/mortality, and (5) by developing project outputs that can inform policymakers with cost-benefit information. We hypothesize that a whole-house energy intervention (replacing all primitive forms of energy within the home with cleaner, modern forms) will produce meaningful reductions in household air pollution and health benefits in rural Rwandan homes. The randomized controlled trial will substitute traditional forms of household energy (biomass for cooking and kerosene for lighting) with solar power and liquefied petroleum gas stoves in rural Rwanda. Participants will be followed for 3 years with repeated measurements of household air pollution exposure (24-hour fine particulate matter and black carbon), energy usage, and health. Primary health endpoints will include blood pressure in adult women and men and lung-function growth in children; secondary health endpoints include blood pressure in children and lung-function change in adults. The long-term goals of this research are to increase the clinical knowledge-base on the health effects on household air pollution, to demonstrate that a whole-house energy intervention will produce meaningful household air pollution reductions and health benefits in rural Rwandan homes, to elucidate the relationship between fuel subsidy levels and household air pollution exposure, and to demonstrate that scalable solutions to the household air pollution disease burden are achievable via public-private-governmental partnerships.

抽象的 暴露于使用传统能源造成的家庭空气污染是发病的十大风险因素 和全球死亡率。家庭中传统能源的排放造成不健康的水平 家庭空气污染问题很普遍。大约 30 亿人依赖木材等燃料 木炭和煤油以满足烹饪、取暖和照明等需求。大约 80% 卢旺达人口使用此类燃料，这使得家庭空气污染成为造成空气污染的第三大因素 这个国家的疾病负担。家庭空气污染也是发达国家的一个问题 世界。近 3000 万美国人燃烧固体燃料作为主要取暖能源。 近 50 年对“清洁”家庭能源技术的研究表明，全球范围内的研究成果有限 由于阻碍获取和使用的经济、文化和技术障碍的综合影响 的清洁能源。另一个限制是，迄今为止，几乎所有家庭能源干预措施都集中在 用更现代的技术仅替换单一能源（即仅替换烹饪或照明）。 我们建议通过进行一项随机对照试验来解决这些问题，该试验（1）侧重于总体 家庭能源 (2) 在一个表明已准备好使用替代能源形式的国家，(3) 通过建立一个公共- 私人伙伴关系，促进以消费者为中心和市场可持续发展的技术解决方案，(4) 通过调查临床上可行且与发病率/死亡率密切相关的结果指标，以及 (5) 制定可为政策制定者提供成本效益信息的项目成果。我们假设 全屋能源干预（用更清洁、 现代形式）将显着减少卢旺达农村地区的家庭空气污染并带来健康益处 家园。随机对照试验将替代传统形式的家庭能源（用于烹饪的生物质） 卢旺达农村地区使用太阳能和液化石油气炉。参与者将 跟踪3年，重复测量家庭空气污染暴露（24小时细颗粒物） 物质和黑碳）、能源使用和健康。主要健康终点将包括血压 成年女性和男性以及儿童肺功能的发育；次要健康终点包括血压 儿童和成人肺功能的变化。 这项研究的长期目标是增加关于健康影响的临床知识库 家庭空气污染，以证明全屋能源干预将产生有意义的结果 家庭空气污染减少和卢旺达农村家庭的健康益处，以阐明两者之间的关系 燃料补贴水平和家庭空气污染暴露之间的关系，并证明可扩展的解决方案 家庭空气污染疾病负担可以通过公私政府伙伴关系来减轻。