Comparative genomics of sex chromosomes in Diptera: gene trafficking, dosage comp

在此输入文本，它是您的应用程序的新摘要信息。此部分必须为no 超过30行的文本。 双翅目昆虫性染色体比较基因组学：基因转移、剂量补偿、 性别偏见表达和基因内容进化。 性染色体源于普通的常染色体，但具有许多独特的特征， 包括非随机的基因内容，或性别特异的表达模式。然而，我们的大多数人 性染色体生物学的知识仅限于少数模式物种，包括人类或 果蝇，因为鉴定与性别相关的基因传统上需要繁琐的分离分析或 物理映射。对这两组人的研究表明，性染色体通常表现为 不寻常的，但有时高度不协调的基因组进化和功能模式。特别是，X 哺乳动物的染色体显示男性基因过多，而果蝇则缺乏；X是 剂量在雌性哺乳动物中通过X失活来补偿，但在果蝇中是高转录的 在灵长类动物中，Y染色体上的基因内容高度保守，许多Y基因具有 X上的同源基因，但在果蝇中迅速翻转，没有剩余的X-Y同源基因。因此，要 从性染色体的一般特征中分离出物种特有的模式，有必要 比较几条独立形成的性染色体的基因组特性。我们已经开发出 一种新的强大的统计方法，用于识别大量与性别相关的基因，适用于 几乎任何使用下一代测序技术的有机体。这将使我们能够检验性 几种非模式生物中的染色体，并研究其功能和进化特性 一种史无前例的性染色体。 我们建议使用双翅目广泛的系统发育样本和新的基于测序的方法来 识别与性别相关的序列，结合性别和组织的转录组图谱，以及 性别特异性染色质结构的研究。这一丰富的数据集将使我们能够识别过渡 性染色体和性别决定机制，并将揭示塑造 果蝇独立进化的性染色体的进化和功能，包括鉴定 剂量补偿的一般机制和性别偏见表达模式的演变。

Enter the text here that is the new abstract information for your application. This section must be no longer than 30 lines of text. Comparative genomics of sex chromosomes in Diptera: gene trafficking, dosage compensation, sex-biased expression and gene content evolution. Sex chromosomes are derived from ordinary autosomes but harbor many unique characteristics, including a nonrandom gene content, or sex-specific expression patterns. However, most of our knowledge of sex chromosome biology is restricted to a few model species, including humans or Drosophila, since identification of sex-linked genes traditionally requires laborious segregation analysis or physical mapping. Research in these two groups has revealed that sex chromosomes often show unusual, yet sometimes highly discordant patterns of genome evolution and function. In particular, X chromosomes of mammals show an excess of male genes, yet a deficiency in Drosophila; the X is dosage compensated through X inactivation in female mammals, yet is hyper-transcribed in Drosophila males; the gene content is highly conserved on the Y chromosome in primates and many Y genes have homologs on the X, yet turns over rapidly in Drosophila with no remaining X-Y homology. Thus, to disentangle species-specific patterns from general features of sex chromosomes, it is necessary to compare the genomic properties of several independently formed sex chromosomes. We have developed a new powerful statistical method for identifying a large number of sex-linked genes that is applicable to virtually any organism using next-generation sequencing techniques. This will allow us to examine sex chromosomes in several non-model organisms, and study the functional and evolutionary properties of sex chromosomes in an unprecedented way. We propose to use broad phylogenetic sampling in Diptera and novel sequencing-based methods to identify sex-linked sequences, combined with transcriptome profiling across sexes and tissues, and investigation of the sex-specific chromatin structure. This rich data set will allow us to identify transitions among sex chromosomes and sex determining mechanisms, and will reveal key principals that shape the evolution and function of independently evolved sex chromosomes in flies, including identification of the general mechanisms of dosage compensation and the evolution of sex-biased expression patterns.