Early Childhood Health Among Latinos/as

拉丁美洲人的孩子/在美国是一个庞大而快速增长的人口群体，有可能经历 幼儿期的不良健康后果。拉丁美洲人所生的婴儿有许多健康优势 包括较高的出生体重，但根据结果，这种健康矛盾并没有持续到幼儿期， 例如一般健康状况和认知发展。最近拉丁美洲人/a人口向 在北卡罗来纳州和内布拉斯加州等地，美国各地的“新”移民接收门户可以 进一步将拉丁美洲/拉丁美洲儿童的健康置于危险之中。相对于更成熟的网关，新 目的地对拉丁美洲/a家庭构成挑战，因为同种族和机构支持较少， 居住隔离的程度。此外，由于它们包括农村、郊区和城市地区， 新的目的地可能更有可能包括卫生保健选择供应较少的社区，例如 儿科医生和非营利性社区诊所。因此，该项目将解决地理问题， 拉丁美洲/a家庭分散到新的目的地与拉丁美洲/a儿童早期健康差异有关。 第一个具体目标是比较新的和成熟的拉丁美洲人的医疗保健供应特征/a 使用美国人口普查局的人口统计数据和公开的社区数据， 美国卫生与公众服务部和国家慈善中心提供的医疗保健服务 统计对这些数据的分析将确定新目的地的医疗保健供应是否较低 比既定的目的地。第二个具体目标是研究年轻人之间的健康差距， 拉丁裔/a和非拉丁裔/a非移民白色儿童在拉丁裔/a目的地，并确定是否 卫生保健供应特征介导和/或缓和这些关联。利用数据库， 拉丁美洲/a目的地和医疗保健供应与幼儿期限制使用的地理编码数据合并 全国健康访谈调查和全国健康和营养检查调查中的健康状况， 分析将检查拉丁美洲/a目的地和拉丁美洲/a儿童早期健康之间的关联 差异，调解和适度分析将决定这些协会是否解释或 因当地医疗保健供应而异。这一目标将确定拉丁美洲人/儿童早期健康 不平等现象最为明显，保健提供的资源可以解决这种不平等现象。的 第三个目标将研究拉丁美洲/a目的地，医疗保健供应和早期 儿童健康因拉丁美洲人/父母国籍和出生地而异。这一目标将进一步确定 拉丁美洲/拉丁美洲人口中的幼儿在不同类型的地点最需要关注。 该项目将为关于种族/族裔健康差异和基于地点的健康决定因素的研究提供信息， 将通过确定幼儿居住的地理区域类型， 的拉丁美洲人/as是最有可能经历不良健康后果的人。

The children of Latinos/as in the U.S. are a large and fast-growing demographic group at risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes in early childhood. Infants born to Latinos/as have a number of health advantages including higher birthweights, but this health paradox is not sustained into early childhood based on outcomes such as general health status and cognitive development. The recent dispersion of the Latino/a population to “new” immigrant-receiving gateways across the U.S. in places such as North Carolina and Nebraska could further place the health of young children of Latinos/as at risk. Relative to more established gateways, new destinations pose challenges to Latino/a families due to fewer co-ethnic and institutional supports and higher levels of residential segregation. Additionally, because they encompass rural, suburban, and urban locations, new destinations may be more likely to include communities with a lower supply of health care options such as pediatricians and non-profit community clinics. This project, therefore, will address how the geographic dispersion of Latino/a families to new destinations is associated with Latino/a early childhood health disparities. The first specific aim is to compare health care supply characteristics across new and established Latino/a destinations using demographic data from the U.S. Census Bureau and publicly available data on community health care supply from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and National Center for Charitable Statistics. Analyses of these data will determine whether new destinations have a lower supply of health care options than established destinations. The second specific aim is to examine health disparities between young Latino/a and non-Latino/a non-immigrant white children across Latino/a destinations and to determine whether health care supply characteristics mediate and/or moderate these associations. Utilizing a database on Latino/a destinations and health care supply merged with restricted-use geocoded data on early childhood health in the National Health Interview Survey and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, statistical analyses will examine associations between Latino/a destinations and Latino/a early childhood health disparities, and mediation and moderation analyses will determine whether these associations are explained or vary by local health care supply. This aim will identify the locations where Latino/a early childhood health disparities are most pronounced and the health care supply resources that can address such inequalities. The third aim will examine whether associations between Latino/a destinations, health care supply, and early childhood health vary by Latino/a parental national origin and nativity. This aim will further identify the types of young children within the Latino/a population who are most in need of attention in different types of locations. This project will inform research on racial/ethnic health disparities and place-based determinants of health, and will have implications for policy and practice by identifying the types of geographic areas where young children of Latinos/as are the most at risk of experiencing adverse health outcomes.